Christian Science Monitor Essay Example for Free

Christian Science Monitor Essay An article in the Christian Science Monitor last January attempts to teach purchasers about the estimation of carbon balance projects and whether they have any genuine impact on an Earth-wide temperature boost. The article, distributed January 10, 2007, talks about the idea of carbon balances and the endeavors of certain organizations to become carbon impartial. The perfect depend on the possibility that as customers we discharge a specific measure of ozone depleting substances or are obligation regarding having been produced. With an end goal to decrease that sum, the alleged â€Å"Carbon footprint†, buyers are being offered the opportunity to purchase â€Å"carbon offsets†, a procedure by which an organization makes some move to diminish the measure of ozone harming substances being produced. In the event that enough balances are bought, the individual or organization can become â€Å"carbon neutral† implying that their activities are not expanding the measure of ozone depleting substances on the planet. This article, â€Å"Do Carbon Offsets Live Up to Their Promise? †, is about the principal report by somebody attempting to assess whether this is a decent natural exertion or a mammoth extortion. The report, by the non-benefit association Clean Air-Cool Planet, contends that seventy five percent of the 30 organizations right now selling carbon counterbalances are doing a not exactly unremarkable activity of it. The organizations were positioned on a size of 1 to 10, 75 percent positioned not exactly a five. The article likewise subtleties what measures were utilized to assess the carbon counterbalance programs. The expected peruser of this article is the exceptionally educated readership regarding the Christian Science Monitor. The paper is one of the most very much regarded in the nation for editorial greatness and accept a specific measure of base information in its readership. In that capacity, the article could have been exceptional at clarifying a portion of the fundamental terms it utilized, however gave off an impression of being experimentally precise. Shockingly, a significant number of the article’s sources were individuals dynamic in the ecological network. This would appear to be a natural predisposition in the article, however a significant number of those individuals were happy to bring up blemishes in the carbon counterbalance framework. One agent of the Sierra Club told the Monitor that if carbon balances were seen like ecclesiastical guilty pleasures and individuals blamed them so as to continue dirtying, they might be hurtful to the planet. The article was likewise peppered with logical realities including the possibility that methane is a more risky ozone harming substance than carbon dioxide without feeling like a science address. This article drove me mad on the grounds that it appeared to clarify that carbon counterbalances are a trick. The article demonstrated that one rules of the assessment done by Clean Air-Cool Planet was to decide what number of these ozone harming substance diminishing exercises would have occurred whether or not the balances were bought. For organizations who use creating interchange fuel sources as a carbon balance, apparently this new pattern is basically an approach to underwrite their ventures and get considerably more cash-flow. Different organizations considered planting trees their â€Å"carbon offset†. Since trees are an inexhaustible asset, I am distrustful about when and where these trees were being planted. In the event that they were planted to supplant a woods that had quite recently been obvious for the neighborhood paper plant, at that point considering them a â€Å"carbon offset† is deceitful and ludicrous. This article made me exceptionally suspicious of the individuals who use carbon counterbalances when all is said in done, as apparently this may undoubtedly be a route for the liberal to proceed with their dirtying ways, never change their ways of life to mirror the necessities of the planet, and rest easy thinking about themselves while nothing is being done to stop an Earth-wide temperature boost. This article left me with the feeling that a significant part of the promotion about halting a worldwide temperature alteration has been quite recently that, publicity, and that we will acknowledge in a couple of years that the issue is deteriorating notwithstanding our â€Å"efforts† to fix it.

Professional, Ethical, and Legal Issues in Healthcare Essay

Proficient, Ethical, and Legal Issues in Healthcare - Essay Example A medical caretaker who is a companion to the mother of the family experiencing malignancy winds up in a troublesome circumstance in attempting to be faithful to the mother, to the two children in the family and to her calling. Having been a decent mother, she decides not to unveil her ailment to her children to maintain a strategic distance from contrarily influencing them mentally. The moral difficulty that the attendant ends up in by not revealing this data will be placed in center. Presentation There are rules that structure the establishment of the moral codes directing the expert practice in human services. These are the establishments of good hypothesis in medicinal services calling with code of morals that call for trustworthiness, respectability and obligation. All things considered, these moral codes that have been produced for social insurance experts give direction in their training. These would regularly be made because of envisioned or genuine moral clashes (Schweitzer 2010). They are typically hard to appreciate and possibly bode well when applied, all things considered, in instances of moral uncertainty. The substance in these codes change with the hazard engaged with a particular calling. For instance, in brain research, the code of morals would characterize in more noteworthy profundity the relationship with the customer because of the high level of individual relationship a therapist would have with the customer. Then again, there would be insignificant commu nication between a research facility expert and a patient; subsequently the applicable code of morals would be more on the requirement for precision and unwavering quality in their tests. White characterizes bioethics as the utilization of the general standards of morals in social insurance (2005). Surely, all the zones in human services, including staff usage, clients’ direct consideration and fund allotment are limited by morals. Morals would bring up an issue however would not give a simple answer. Among the reasons that make morals significant in the cutting edge world remember headway for innovation, changing society and increasingly learned customers. There are three fundamental gatherings in human services influenced by morals, to be specific; the suppliers, patient and family. They would regularly have alternate points of view on how they might want issues took care of. This turns out to be increasingly muddled when bioethics, doctor hypotheses and cultural stake are thought of (Warren 2011). Much the same as different specialists in medicinal services, attendants maintain every guideline in their standard practice. Be that as it may, there are times wh en these standards struggle requiring the nurses’ moral dynamic in picking which of the standards becomes need to be maintained at that point. In such instances of moral predicament, there is no ‘right’ arrangement. Fant characterizes moral predicament as a difficult that doesn't have a palatable goals (2012). Consequently, unique moral decisions on a moral issue could be made, however this doesn't legitimize any decision as being ‘wrong’ or ‘right.’ The meaning of morals differs starting with one medical caretaker then onto the next and would ordinarily be formed by understanding, qualities and convictions of an individual attendant. The code of morals as for the

Charlemagne’s Will: Church, Empire, and Intellect :: Essays Papers

Charlemagne’s Will: Church, Empire, and Intellect â€Å"†¦and [I] will initially give a record of his deeds at home and abroad, at that point of his character and interests, and finally of his organization and passing, overlooking nothing worth knowing or important to know.† †Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne Charlemagneâ€Charles, King of the Franksâ€obviously has a fan in Einhard. His ground-breaking work, The Life of Charlemagne, subtleties the king’s life from the structure of his realm, through the training of his kids, and coming full circle in his last living words: the division of his assets and the guidelines for the protection of his realm. From the outset, the consideration of Charlemagne’s will appears to be an odd decision to end an exposition that exhibits completely the particulars of the incredible man’s life. All things considered, who has to know which kid gets his gold, and which diocese supervisor he supported the most. Einhard uncovers the obliviousness in this presumption by doing the polar opposite: utilizing Charlemagne’s will as the last and most persuading delineation regarding the king’s life and character. Einhard isolates his conversation of Charlemagne into three unmistakable segments, maybe in impersonation of the king’s will, which is likewise parceled into a similar three hidden subjects: church, realm, and acumen. All through his article, Einhard makes consistent references to Charlemagne’s devotion. He takes note of that the lord â€Å"cherished with extraordinary intensity and commitment the standards of the Christian religion.† Charlemagne fabricated the basilica at Aix-la-Chapelle, and â€Å"was a consistent admirer at this church.† (Einhard, 48)†¦. He typified the Christian principle to provide for poor people, and had cozy connections to the popes in Rome. A cynic may discover motivation to accept these activities were absolutely astute or if nothing else had blended motivesâ€his associations with the Vatican were financially beneficialâ€but Einhard’s incorporation of Charlemagne’s will expels all uncertainty. â€Å"In this division he is particularly burning to provide†¦the charity of donations which Christians normally make.† (Einhard, 52). In death, Charlemagne gave quite a bit of his riches to the Church through the diocese su pervisors of every city in his realm, and further specified that upon the demise of one of them, a bit of the rest of the legacy ought to go straightforwardly to poor people, as should the benefit of the offer of his library. Charlemagne’s Will: Church, Empire, and Intellect :: Essays Papers Charlemagne’s Will: Church, Empire, and Intellect â€Å"†¦and [I] will initially give a record of his deeds at home and abroad, at that point of his character and interests, and in conclusion of his organization and passing, overlooking nothing worth knowing or important to know.† †Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne Charlemagneâ€Charles, King of the Franksâ€obviously has a fan in Einhard. His incredible work, The Life of Charlemagne, subtleties the king’s life from the structure of his domain, through the training of his kids, and finishing in his last living words: the division of his assets and the guidelines for the conservation of his realm. From the start, the consideration of Charlemagne’s will appears to be an odd decision to end a paper that exhibits completely the points of interest of the incredible man’s life. All things considered, who has to know which youngster gets his gold, and which ecclesiastical overseer he supported the most. Einhard uncovers the numbness in this suspicion by doing the polar opposite: utilizing Charlemagne’s will as the last and most persuading representation regarding the king’s life and character. Einhard isolates his conversation of Charlemagne into three unmistakable areas, maybe in impersonation of the king’s will, which is additionally parceled into a similar three hidden topics: church, domain, and keenness. All through his paper, Einhard makes steady references to Charlemagne’s devotion. He takes note of that the ruler â€Å"cherished with extraordinary intensity and dedication the standards of the Christian religion.† Charlemagne constructed the basilica at Aix-la-Chapelle, and â€Å"was a steady admirer at this church.† (Einhard, 48)†¦. He typified the Christian convention to provide for poor people, and had cozy connections to the popes in Rome. A doubter may discover motivation to accept these activities were absolutely artful or if nothing else had blended motivesâ€his associations with the Vatican were fiscally beneficialâ€but Einhard’s consideration of Charlemagne’s will evacuates all uncertainty. â€Å"In this division he is particularly burning to provide†¦the magnanimity of charity which Christians typically make.† (Einhard, 52). In death, Charlemagne gave quite a bit of his riches to the Church by means of the ecclesia stical overseers of every city in his domain, and further specified that upon the demise of one of them, a segment of the rest of the legacy ought to go legitimately to poor people, as should the benefit of the offer of his library.

The International Labour Organization Ilo

The International Labor Organization Ilo The International Labor Organization is a United Nations office managing work issues, especially universal work norms and not too bad for all. There are 185 nations that are part conditions of International Labor Organization. The ILO plans to guarantee that it serves the requirements of working ladies and men by uniting governments, businesses and laborers to set work norms, create strategies and devise programs. The very structure of the ILO, where laborers and businesses together have an equivalent voice with governments in its considerations, shows social exchange in real life. It guarantees that the perspectives on the social accomplices are firmly reflected in ILO work measures, arrangements and projects. They have worry about numerous issues which are going on in world. In this article I chose youngster work for additional conversation. Youngster work is an unpredictable issue and various components impact whether kids work or not. Neediness rises as the most convincing motivation behind why kids work. Poor family units spend the greater part of their salary on food and the pay gave by working kids is regularly basic to their endurance. Be that as it may, neediness isn't the main factor in kid work and can't legitimize a wide range of business and bondage. Nations might be similarly poor but then have generally high or moderately low degrees of youngster work. Kid work is obviously impeding to singular kids, keeping them from making the most of their adolescence, hampering their turn of events and now and then causing deep rooted physical or mental harm; it is additionally hindering to families, to networks and to society overall. As both an outcome and a reason for neediness, kid work sustains inconvenience and social avoidance. It subverts national improvement by keeping kids out of school, keeping them from picking up the instruction and aptitudes that would empower them as grown-ups to add to monetary development and thriving. For whatever length of time that kid work proceeds, the ILOs objective of not too bad work can never be accomplished. Conversation A huge number of kids overall are occupied with work that is frustrating their training, advancement and future occupations. A great deal of them are engaged with the most noticeably terrible types of youngster work that in light of the fact that irreversible physical or mental harm, or that even undermine their lives. This circumstance speaks to a terrible infringement of the privileges of individual kids, it sustains destitution and it bargains monetary development and fair turn of events. There are a lot of things can be happened to happen youngster work. Components incorporate for Child work: Boundaries to instruction essential training isn't free in all nations and isn't constantly accessible for all kids, particularly in remote country regions. Where schools are accessible, the nature of training can be poor and the substance not significant. In circumstances where instruction isn't moderate or guardians see no an incentive in training, youngsters are sent to work, as opposed to class. Culture and custom with barely any open doors open to youngsters with more instruction, guardians are probably going to share a social standard in which work is viewed as the most gainful utilization of a childs time. Kids are regularly expected to follow in their folks strides and are as often as possible gathered to help different individuals from the family, frequently at a youthful age. Market request kid work isn't unintentional. Bosses may like to recruit kids since they are less expensive than their grown-up partners, can be apportioned of effectively if work requests vacillate and furthermore structure a quiet, dutiful work-power that won't look to sort out itself for security and backing. The impacts of salary stuns on family units families that don't have the way to manage pay stuns, for example, catastrophic events, financial or agrarian emergencies Mulling over above elements the youngster work will happen. This is a huge issue in current world. Subsequently there are such huge numbers of associations and governments are think about this issue. Thus The ILO has given a need to clear out this issue. The International Labor Organization, from its setting up, has made youngster work one of its focal concerns. ILO chip away at kid work throughout the decades has primarily taken its sign from the expression security of kids in the Preamble to its Constitution. The ILOs prime apparatus in seeking after the disposal of kid work has consistently been, and stays right up 'til today, the work principles that epitomize the idea of a base age to go into business. This methodology reacts to two worries: to shield youngsters from work that meddles with their full turn of events and to seek after monetary productivity through well-working grown-up work markets. Some youngster workers are exceptionally noticeable, for example, road kids working in the urban casual economy. Others, for example, kid local specialists, are adequately avoided general visibility and are accordingly especially defenseless, including to physical, enthusiastic and sexual maltreatment. As opposed to working in formal part foundations that produce for send out, most of youngster workers in assembling drudge in flexibly chains delivering for the local market, for instance, in the creation of firecrackers, matches or incense sticks. A detailed increment in locally situated creation of these and different products, in light of elevated serious weights, carries with it an expanded potential for misuse of youngster work. Such concealed gatherings of youngsters present specific difficulties for look into and viable activity. A future without kid work follows the ILOs chronicled worry with the annulment of kid work. At its absolute first meeting, the International Labor Conference embraced the Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919 . Throughout the years that followed, the idea of least age for passage into work was reached out to various monetary divisions, coming full circle with the selection of the thorough Minimum Age Convention, 1973. The consideration of the successful abrogation of kid work in the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, received in 1988, featured the developing agreement over the world that youngster work speaks to a genuine danger to maintainable monetary and social improvement all over. The consistent reception, the next year, of the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 , and its resulting extraordinary pace of confirmation, validate the quality of the political will among ILO part States to handle, with businesses and laborers ass ociations and all accomplices in common society, these most outrageous types of youngster work as an issue of the best earnestness. Show No. 182 has served to combine resolve on the requirement for sure fire activity to battle the most noticeably terrible types of kid work, joined by measures to take out and forestall all kid work in the more drawn out term. Drawing on the arrangements of Conventions Nos. 138 and 182, they recognize three classifications of kid work to be killed: Work performed by a kid who is under a base age determined in national enactment for that sort of work. Work that risks the physical, mental or moral prosperity of a youngster, known as perilous work The unqualified most exceedingly terrible types of youngster work, which are globally characterized as subjection, dealing, obligation servitude and different types of constrained work, constrained enlistment for use in equipped clash, prostitution and erotic entertainment, and illegal exercises. Besides they have taken a few destinations to dispose of this kid work issue. Key targets in the battle against kid work the long custom of ILO standard setting and oversight in the field of youngster work, dating from the absolute first meeting of the International Labor Conference in 1919 and paving the way to the selection of the umbrella Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138); The catalyst given by the appropriation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989; The experience picked up by national governments working with IPEC; expanded activism on youngster work by businesses and laborers associations and non-legislative associations (NGOs); The consistent reception of the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 (No. 182), and the ensuing effort for its widespread approval and usage; Research and activity that have given new bits of knowledge into the causes, measurements and methods for decreasing both destitution and kid work. As indicated by the on objective the ILO have intended to wipe out kid work in each nation. Despite the fact that, when they erect new destinations and strategies they should concern nations arrangements. So that is a colossal trouble that they are appearance as of now. End Childrens interest in the work power toward the beginning of the twenty-first century is constantly shifted and vastly unpredictable, reacting to changing business sector and social conditions. This condition is coordinated by the adaptability of the enormous, unprotected, potential youngster work power. Neediness and social rejection, work portability, segregation based on sex and different grounds, and absence of satisfactory social assurance and instructive open door all become possibly the most important factor in affecting kid work results. The ILO approaches all accomplices in this endeavor to try harder, to give all kids, all over the place, the adolescence and the future that they deserve.universal training and social insurance, together with a superior comprehension of the requirements and privileges of kids, can achieve a noteworthy decrease in youngster work. Proposal Working intimately with governments are the social accomplices bosses and laborers associations who are extraordinarily set to comprehend and to change the real factors of the work environment so kid work essentially has no part to play. Organizations work on a level plane at national level and furthermore vertically between national, provincial and global players

IAP Jealousy

IAP Jealousy One thing we always mention during information sessions is IAP, because of how unique it is to an MIT education. I wanted to update my spiel a little since I tend to talk about glass-blowing and truffle-making and theres so much more happening that I wish I could participate in but cant because Im home reading your applications. (Its okay, you can throw a #sorrynotsorry at me.) One day a week, we meet in the office to catch up on non-reading work and meetings and I spied a bunch of class offerings that are really interesting: Heavy Metal 101 is turning MIT up to 11! AeroAstro is going to have some daytime stargazing to safely look at the Sun, weather permitting. You can also hang out with MIT astronomers over cocoa. Later on, you can find out more about how the first stars were formed, cosmic mirages, or neutron stars. You can always find coding events on campus, whether self-learning or learning to make a difference. Its not all about the mind in January. Hillel sponsored a Hummus and homemade chips workshop and Tae Kwon Do is recruiting new members. I also just learned about our Plasma Science Fusion Center by walking past it a few weeks ago (its a bit out of the way). They are also having quite a few talks about fusion energy, space weather research, and nuclear measurements. This years Charm School participants have the chance to learn dating etiquette (Should you use that pick up line your Chemistry TA taught you?) Sound off on your favorite nerdy pick up line in the comments, and if you want to see more of what is happening during IAP, check out mit.tumblr.com which is also doing a series of posts this month on IAP classes.

Report on Desalination Process - Free Essay Example

Contents: 1. Mechanical Vapor Compression 2. Reverse Osmosis 3. A Comparative Analysis of other Desalination Processes 4. 1. A brief description of various Desalination Processes 4. 2. 1. Distillation Processes 4. 2. 2. 1. Multistage Flash Distillation 4. 2. 2. 2. Multieffect Distillation 4. 2. 2. 3. Vapor Compression 4. 2. 2. Membrane Processes 4. 2. 3. 4. Electrodialysis 4. 2. 3. 5. Reverse Osmosis 4. 2. 3. Solar Distillation/Humidification 4. 2. Process Selection 4. A Derivation of the Rate of depletion of Limestone used to make water portable 5. 3. Derivation 5. 4. Sample Calculation 5. 5. Graph Chapter 3 A Comparative Analysis of other Desalination Processes In the following chapter we compare and contrast various types of Desalination Processes. There are many methods of desalination currently in practice today. They vary in efficiency, cost of installment, purity of the product, geographical requirements and a variety of other factors which will be further highlighted in th e following pages. 3. 1. A brief description of various Desalination Processes: The following section gives an introduction as well as the principle, orking, chemical treatments required and advantages disadvantages of the various desalination processes. 3. 1. 1. Distillation Processes: 3. 1. 1. 1. Multistage Flash Distillation Introduction: Single stage flash evaporators have been used since the early nineteen hundreds when they were used in the Alberger salt process to obtain salt from brine. Multistage flash evaporators however, were first installed about 55 years ago and were usually of small capacity with low thermal efficiencies. In 1956, a four stage, four unit, 9460 m3/d flash plant was installed in Kuwait. By avoiding separate shells for each stage, a great improvement was made in the economics of evaporators. Today, Multi-stage flash distillation plants produce over 85 percent of all desalinated water in the world, despite the fact that Reverse Osmosis plants are the m ore numerous. The patent for the MSF process was filed by Mr. Silver. It was described as a plant employing flash distillation in which the number of stages is more than twice the performance ratio (pounds of distillate produced/1,000 BTU of heat input) which in some cases was about 3 times the actual value. MSF solved some of the basic problems of the desalination process such as scale formation, which when combined with the ability of these plants to be built in large capacities resulted in these plants being the largest source of desalinated water in the world. By 1984, 67. 6% of all desalination plants (6,075,000 m3/day) were operating on the MSF principle. The unit size has also increased as much as 100 fold since 1972. Principle: Multistage flash processes work on the concept that vapors can be produced from any liquid which is at its boiling point by lowering the pressure. This is due to the fact that reducing the pressure decreases the boiling point of water. Working: The plant has a series of spaces called stages, each containing a  heat exchanger  and a condensate collector. The series has one cold end and one hot end while the stages in between have intermediate temperatures. The pressure in each stage corresponds to the  pressure  required to boil water at the respective temperatures. Beyond the hot end there exists a container called the  brine  heater. When the plant is operating in  steady state, feed water at the cold inlet temperature flows through the heat exchangers in the stages and is heated. When it reaches the brine heater it already has nearly the maximum temperature. In the heater, an amount of additional heat is added. After the heater, the water flows through  valves  back into the stages which have ever lower pressure and temperature. As it flows back through the stages the water is now called brine, to distinguish it from the inlet water. In each stage, as the brine enters, its temperature is above the bo iling point at the pressure of the stage, and a small fraction of the brine water boils or flashes to steam thereby reducing the temperature until equilibrium is reached. The resulting steam is a little hotter than the feed water in the heat exchanger. The steam cools and  condenses  against the heat exchanger tubes, thereby heating the feed water as described earlier. The total evaporation in each stage is about 15% of the water flowing through the system, depending on the range of temperatures used. When temperature is further increased, there are growing difficulties of scale formation and corrosion. 120 °C has been the maximum thus far, although scale avoidance may require temperatures below 70 °C. The feed water carries away the  latent heat  of the condensed steam, maintaining the low temperature of the stage. The pressure in the chamber remains constant as equal amounts of steam is formed when new warm brine enters the stage and steam is removed as it conden ses on the tubes of the heat exchanger. The equilibrium is stable, because if at some point more vapor forms, the pressure increases and that reduces evaporation and increases condensation. In the final stage the brine and the condensate has a temperature near the inlet temperature. Then the brine and condensate are pumped out from the low pressure in the stage to the ambient pressure. The brine and condensate still carry a small amount of heat that is lost from the system when they are discharged. The heat that was added in the heater makes up for this loss. The heat added in the brine heater usually comes in the form of hot steam from an industrial process co-located with the desalination plant. The steam is allowed to condense against tubes carrying the brine (similar to what happens in the stages). Schematic of a  multi-stage flash  desalinator A Steam in B Seawater in C Potable water out D Waste out E Steam out F Heat exchange G Condensation collection H Brine heater Chemical Treatment: Pretreatment: MSF plants require sea water with a temperature range of 20 -35 °C and a salinity of 42,000 ppm as the primary feed. This water undergoes pretreatment consisting of filtration, chlorination, antiscale chemical dosing, de-aeration/de-carbonation before being processed by the plant. Without this treatment there would be frequent interruptions to the plant operation. Scale prevention: By increasing the flash or temperature range of the plant with the same surface area, the performance ratio is increased however the limitations are, that on the cold side the minimum achievable temperature is the temperature of sea water and on the hot side the maximum achievable temperature is limited due to scale formation. Some of the methods to prevent this are: a) Polyphosphates: treatment with polyphosphates causes the formation of sludge as opposed to scales in the condenser tubes. maximum achievable temperature is 91 °C) b) Acid treatment: Addition of HCl or H2SO4 in fixed quantities reduces alkalinity and prevents scale formation. (maximum achievable temperature is 121 °C) c) High temperature additives: HTA’s such as Belgard EV prevent scale formation and produce crystal distortion. (maximum achievable temperature is 112 °C) Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Can be constructed in very large capacities. | Performance ratio is limited since the upper temperature is limited to 121 °C| Boiling does not take place on the tube surface therefore there is less susceptibility to fouling. Low heat transfer coefficients which require a greater surface area when compared to MED. | Scale prevention is less hazardous because threshold chemicals are extensively used (acid treatment is not preferred) therefore there is less likelihood of corrosion due to overdosing. | Often operates well below the design capacity and in some cases as much as 60% below said capacity. | Low cost steam can be used. | Large capi tal costs with large intake structures. | Water is very pure. | Large amount of seawater required compared to production which requires a large amount of pumping power. Considerable operating experience is available. | Long term effects of the additives are unknown. | Economies of scale work well. | Improper material selection and noise pollution have caused problems in the past. | Table 3. 1 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 1. 2. Multi Effect Distillation: Introduction: The MED process also has a rather long history. Many such plants were build by chemical industries over the last thousand years although their primary purpose was the recovery of brine. This process however was also among the first used to produce significant amounts of water from the sea and although it has been replaced by MSF as the leading source of desalinated water it still accounts for a significant portion of the water produced by such plants today. To put it numerically ME plants produce about 492,636m3/day and at present the largest ME unit produces 20,000m3/day. Principle: In this process, vapors are produced by two means. The first is by pressure reduction (flashing) and the second by heat input (boiling). Working: In ME distillation, 2 or more effects are present. Each operates at a lower temperature and pressure than the previous. The first effect is heated by low pressure steam and vapors are generated from the feed water in the effect tubes. These vapors are then directed, through a demister, to tubes in the second effect. Since this effect is at a lower temperature, the vapors can be used to evaporate the brine. This occurs when the vapors condense on the inner side of the tubes and release heat to the next effect. Some of the vapors produced in each effect are sent to the associated preheater, where they heat incoming feed and are condensed. All the brine which does not evaporate is then sent to the next effect for fu rther vaporization. The process can be repeated as long as the temperature difference is high enough to act as the driving force. Brine from the last effect is rejected as blow down and vapors from this effect are condensed in a final condenser where feed water serves as the coolant. Most of the feed water Is rejected after passing through the condenser. Schematic of a multiple effect desalination plant. The first stage is at the top. Pink areas are vapor; lighter blue areas are liquid feed water. Stronger turquoise is condensate. F Feed water in S Heating steam in C Heating steam out W Fresh water (condensate) out R Brine out O Coolant in P Coolant out VC Last-stage cooler Chemical Treatment: Pretreatment costs are very low. Since when feed is at high temperature it is at its lowest concentration the risk of scaling is reduced. Standard antiscaling procedure is followed. Advantages Disadvantages: The advantages and disadvantages are similar to those seen in multistage f lashing. It does however have an additional disadvantage in that it cannot be used on the same scale as MSF. On the other hand it has a considerably lower construction cost when compared to MSF therefore this method of desalination is still widely used today in many forms. Overall for relatively small units (less than one mgd (22. 8245m3/s)) this method is often preferred over MSF however for larger units MSF is more cost effective. 3. 1. 1. 3. Vapour Compression: As this process has already been described in detail, only the advantages and disadvantages are listed here. Advantages| Disadvantages| Simplicity compact construction| The reliability of the unit is directly dependant on the compressor which is likely to fail| Operation is stable and can be done with no recirculation and low labor costs| At lower temperatures the vapor specific volume increases causing the compressor load to increase| Low pumping power required| At higher temperatures scaling occurs| No cooling wat er required| Fluctuations have a greater tendency to effect productivity or destabilize the plant. Low capital cost | When increasing the number of effects, energy consumption of the compressor increases causing a reduction in performance ratio| High performance ratio/unit of heat transfer surface area| As in the case of MEDs this process is only practical on a relatively small scale| Table 3. 2 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 2. Membrane Processes: 3. 1. 2. 1. Electrodialysis: Introduction: This process is particularly useful is desalting brackish waters. The principle of this process has been known since the early 1900s although the first unit was put into service only in the year 1954 in the Middle East. Units are medium sized (100-400m3/day range) and can be used to desalinate water with extremely high salinity. These plants have been used to bring water with mineral content of several thousand ppm down to 500ppm. These plant s produce over 450,000m3/day which is about 4. 7% of the world’s total produce. Principle: The ED method is based on the principle that the dissolved salts are ionic in nature and hence when subjected to an electric field the cations will travel to one end while the anions travel to the other. Also certain selective membranes are used that allow only positive charged particles to pass through on one side and negative particles on the other (anion and cation permeable membranes) Working: As explained earlier, selective membranes are placed alternately between the cathode and the anode. When a DC current is passed though the liquid, anions like SO42- and Cl- move towards the positive end while the cations like Na+ and Ca2+ move towards the negative end. They each pass through their respective membranes and enter a cell which is a space made up of one ionic membrane and one cationic membrane. The anions while be separated from the positive end by a cation membrane and the cations from the negative end by a cation membrane. The result is that alternate cells become concentrated and the intermediate cells become dilute which is the product. The rate of salt removal is controlled by Faraday’s laws and practical demineralization rates are in the 75 to 99% range. Pretreated feed water is passed along parallel paths which ensure a continuous flow of the rejected brine and the product water streams. At the electrodes oxidation and reduction reactions take place. The cathode system is treated with acid and recycled while the anode system is usually sent to the drain. Figure 3. 3 (www. fumatech. com) During this process it is necessary add acid to presoften the feedwater to achieve stable operation. Non mineral substances spoil the membrane surfaces and units show marked deterioration with time To combat this, the direction of the DC current is nowadays reversed every 20 minutes or so. This process has therefore been called EDR or Electrodialysis reversal. Chemical Treatment: Acid or polyphosphate is added to the brine system to prevent deposition of salts. If scaling becomes excessive at any point, cleaning is done either mechanically after disassembling the stack or during the process itself. Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Can be used for water with extremely high salinity| Polarization takes place within the membranes which requires an increase in the DC voltage. Low cost of construction and labor| Membrane fouling due to non mineral substances| Extremely low pumping requirements| Leaks in the membrane occur causing contamination of product| Maintenance is relatively simple| Degradation of electrodes occurs with time. | Table 3. 3 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 2. 2. Reverse Osmosis: As this process has already been described in detail, only the advantages and disadvantages are listed here. Advantages| Disadvantages| Easy and simple operatio n| Ratio of product to input is low and therefore can only be used in places where the source of water is the sea (not a limited source)| Rapid delivery and installation| Variety of materials required for pretreatment| Easy expansion due to modular concept| Rate of production is slow| Low energy consumption and maintenance| Cost effectiveness declines as many modules are setup| Operation at low temperatures lowers corrosion and allows cheaper materials to be used| Input water cannot be highly concentrated| Modular concept allows for replacement of defective parts easily| Product water has a comparatively high chloride content| Table 3. (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 3. Solar Distillation/Humidification: Introduction: Although it was first developed over a century ago in Chile when it produced 27m3/day, serious research was not conducted till much later. The increase in the cost of fossil fuels was what spurred research in this fiel d. Principle: The basic principle is the greenhouse effect and the fact that water evaporates below its boiling point. Working: Solar Energy is used for the distillation of salt waters in a solar still which acts as an absorber for solar energy. Water is heated due to greenhouse effect to a temperature of 50 – 60 °C. The rate does of course depend on the intensity of solar radiation. The evaporated water is drained and collected. Figure 3. 4 (www. dr1. com) Chemical Treatment: Chemical treatment in this process is very low. Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Ecofriendly| Can only be used on a very small scale| Very low maintenance and construction cost| Product is variable as the rate of production is based on incident sunlight| No electricity required| Can only be constructed in certain geographic zones| No labor required| Cost effectiveness reduces when its constructed in large numbers| Table 3. 5 3. 2. Process Selection Important Factors: * Product water quality and quantity Feedwater quantity characteristics * Energy availability * Location * Economic Constraints Based on these factors the processes are selected. When product water quality requirements are high, MSF or MVC are used while when it is lower, whereas when requirements are comparatively lower, RO and Electrodialysis can be used. When product water quantity needs to be high MSF is most preferred process while solar distillation can be used if quantity requirements are lower. Energy Availability is required for processes like ED, MSF, etc while processes like solar distillation require almost no continuous energy. Location plays an important role with regard to pumping power. Also availability of direct sunlight is required for solar distillation. Economic Constraints also play a role. When the budget is low processes like EDR and RO are used assuming quantity of water required is low while if required water quantity of water is high, MSF is the most cost effect ive method. Chapter 4 Derivation of a formula to calculate rate of consumption(R) of CaCO3 (Limestone) 4. 1. Derivation: Information required: * Temperature of product water (T ( °C)) * Conductivity of water (before being passed through the limestone but after dosing of NaOCl) (G1 ( µS/cm)) * Conductivity of water (after being passed through the limestone) (G2 ( µS/cm))) * Mass flow rate (V (tones/hr)) Assumptions: CaCO3 is the only compound that dissolves in water while it is passed through the limestone (other compounds like sulfates dissolve in negligible proportions) * The temperature coefficient of conductivity (? ) of CaCO3 is . 02/ °C Procedure Theory of Calculation: Step 1: The difference in conductivity is first measured (Gt = G2 – G1). This gives us the change in conductivity due to CaCO3. Step 2: Based on this value we can calculate change in conductivity at 25 °C (G) using the formula: G = Gt / [1+ {? ? (T-25)}] (? = . 02) The value of conductivity at 2 5  °C for various concentrations of CaCo3 (in parts per million) were obtained from www. omega. om and verified by calculation. These values are as follows: Conductivity (G) ( µS/cm)| ppm CaCO3| 1020| 425. 0| 415| 170. 0| 315| 127. 5| 210| 85. 0| 105| 42. 5| 42. 7| 17. 0| 32. 1| 12. 7| 21. 4| 8. 5| 10. 8| 4. 25| 4. 35| 1. 70| 0. 055| none| Table 4. 1 (www. omega. com) Using the above values a graph was plotted (G versus ppm). As can be seen, the graph is more or less a straight line (curves at higher concentrations) for our area of observation. Step 3: With the help of the graph, the ppm of CaCO3 which corresponds to the conductivity G (at 25 °C) is found. Step 4: Finally to calculate R we use the formula: R (g/hr) = ppm (CaCO3) ? V (tones/hr) To find total mass of CaCO3 dissolved in time t (hrs) we can multiply t with the average value of R over the given time. 4. 2. Sample Calculation for Average Values Information required: * Temperature of product water (T ( °C)) = 29  °C (Design input) + 2. 5 = 31. 5 °C * Conductivity of water (before being passed through the limestone but after dosing of NaOCl) (G1 ( µS/cm)) = 31. 5 ((18 + 45)/2) * Conductivity of water (after being passed through the limestone) (G2 ( µS/cm))) = 500 * Mass flow rate will remain as a variable (V (tones/hr)) Procedure Theory of Calculation: Step 1: The difference in conductivity is first measured (Gt = G2 – G1). This gives us the change in conductivity due to CaCO3. Gt = 500 – 31. 5 = 469. 5 Step 2: Based on this value we can calculate change in conductivity at 25 °C (G) using the formula: G = Gt / [1+ {? ? (T-25)}] (? = . 02) G=469. 5/[1+{. 02? (31. 5-25)}] = 415. 5 Step 3: With the help of the graph, the ppm of CaCO3 which corresponds to the conductivity G (at 25 °C) is found. ppm of CaCO3 = 170 (approx) Step 4: Finally to calculate R we use the formula: R (g/hr) = ppm (CaCO3) ? V (tones/hr) R = 170 ? V = 170V Hence rate of consumption of CaCO3 is 170V g/hr (where V is in tones/hr) 4. 3 Graph Figure 4. 1 (Drawn by project trainee based on information from www. omega. com)

Value Added Tax Case Study - 710 Words

Despite the fact that UAE has long been famous for its zero tax status, the introduction of Value Added Tax(VAT) is expected to happen at a rate of 5%, with some limited exceptions including basic food items, health care, and education. The UAE is planning to implement it on January 1st, 2018. According to Nikola Kosutic, the Research Manager for Euromonitor International Middle East, the UAE’s first major tax will have varying degrees of impact on different segments of the retail sector. The value-added tax is a tax on the amount by which the value of a good or service has been increased at each stage of its production or distribution. The imposition of which are highly related to products’ elasticity of demand -- the more elastic the†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, VAT does not bring all bad news. Although 0% to 1% has a much bigger impact than 10% to 20%, the impact of 5% tax on the customer is expected to be minimal. Because the margin in the country is so great, that the retailers will have some cushion for the introduction of the tax. They will be able to introduce markups which are so huge that it is unlikely to happen in any other place around the world. Therefore, a 5% tax is not going to change Dubai’s popularity as a shopping destination. The government officials in UAE and Saudi Arabia expected to use the money earned through VAT to reinvest in the development of new projects, which will likely create new jobs and strengthen the economy in the long run. In terms of business, may corporations and retailers respond to the tax fairly positively. A spokesperson from Lulu group international said that he doesn’t think the tax is going to affect business since many of UAE residences are from countries that have VAT in place. The financial officer of Brands Trading, Imran Khalid, believes that there will be some minor problems in the first few days but overall it won’t cause any major impacts. 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