Christian Science Monitor Essay Example for Free

Christian Science Monitor Essay An article in the Christian Science Monitor last January attempts to teach purchasers about the estimation of carbon balance projects and whether they have any genuine impact on an Earth-wide temperature boost. The article, distributed January 10, 2007, talks about the idea of carbon balances and the endeavors of certain organizations to become carbon impartial. The perfect depend on the possibility that as customers we discharge a specific measure of ozone depleting substances or are obligation regarding having been produced. With an end goal to decrease that sum, the alleged â€Å"Carbon footprint†, buyers are being offered the opportunity to purchase â€Å"carbon offsets†, a procedure by which an organization makes some move to diminish the measure of ozone harming substances being produced. In the event that enough balances are bought, the individual or organization can become â€Å"carbon neutral† implying that their activities are not expanding the measure of ozone depleting substances on the planet. This article, â€Å"Do Carbon Offsets Live Up to Their Promise? †, is about the principal report by somebody attempting to assess whether this is a decent natural exertion or a mammoth extortion. The report, by the non-benefit association Clean Air-Cool Planet, contends that seventy five percent of the 30 organizations right now selling carbon counterbalances are doing a not exactly unremarkable activity of it. The organizations were positioned on a size of 1 to 10, 75 percent positioned not exactly a five. The article likewise subtleties what measures were utilized to assess the carbon counterbalance programs. The expected peruser of this article is the exceptionally educated readership regarding the Christian Science Monitor. The paper is one of the most very much regarded in the nation for editorial greatness and accept a specific measure of base information in its readership. In that capacity, the article could have been exceptional at clarifying a portion of the fundamental terms it utilized, however gave off an impression of being experimentally precise. Shockingly, a significant number of the article’s sources were individuals dynamic in the ecological network. This would appear to be a natural predisposition in the article, however a significant number of those individuals were happy to bring up blemishes in the carbon counterbalance framework. One agent of the Sierra Club told the Monitor that if carbon balances were seen like ecclesiastical guilty pleasures and individuals blamed them so as to continue dirtying, they might be hurtful to the planet. The article was likewise peppered with logical realities including the possibility that methane is a more risky ozone harming substance than carbon dioxide without feeling like a science address. This article drove me mad on the grounds that it appeared to clarify that carbon counterbalances are a trick. The article demonstrated that one rules of the assessment done by Clean Air-Cool Planet was to decide what number of these ozone harming substance diminishing exercises would have occurred whether or not the balances were bought. For organizations who use creating interchange fuel sources as a carbon balance, apparently this new pattern is basically an approach to underwrite their ventures and get considerably more cash-flow. Different organizations considered planting trees their â€Å"carbon offset†. Since trees are an inexhaustible asset, I am distrustful about when and where these trees were being planted. In the event that they were planted to supplant a woods that had quite recently been obvious for the neighborhood paper plant, at that point considering them a â€Å"carbon offset† is deceitful and ludicrous. This article made me exceptionally suspicious of the individuals who use carbon counterbalances when all is said in done, as apparently this may undoubtedly be a route for the liberal to proceed with their dirtying ways, never change their ways of life to mirror the necessities of the planet, and rest easy thinking about themselves while nothing is being done to stop an Earth-wide temperature boost. This article left me with the feeling that a significant part of the promotion about halting a worldwide temperature alteration has been quite recently that, publicity, and that we will acknowledge in a couple of years that the issue is deteriorating notwithstanding our â€Å"efforts† to fix it.

Professional, Ethical, and Legal Issues in Healthcare Essay

Proficient, Ethical, and Legal Issues in Healthcare - Essay Example A medical caretaker who is a companion to the mother of the family experiencing malignancy winds up in a troublesome circumstance in attempting to be faithful to the mother, to the two children in the family and to her calling. Having been a decent mother, she decides not to unveil her ailment to her children to maintain a strategic distance from contrarily influencing them mentally. The moral difficulty that the attendant ends up in by not revealing this data will be placed in center. Presentation There are rules that structure the establishment of the moral codes directing the expert practice in human services. These are the establishments of good hypothesis in medicinal services calling with code of morals that call for trustworthiness, respectability and obligation. All things considered, these moral codes that have been produced for social insurance experts give direction in their training. These would regularly be made because of envisioned or genuine moral clashes (Schweitzer 2010). They are typically hard to appreciate and possibly bode well when applied, all things considered, in instances of moral uncertainty. The substance in these codes change with the hazard engaged with a particular calling. For instance, in brain research, the code of morals would characterize in more noteworthy profundity the relationship with the customer because of the high level of individual relationship a therapist would have with the customer. Then again, there would be insignificant commu nication between a research facility expert and a patient; subsequently the applicable code of morals would be more on the requirement for precision and unwavering quality in their tests. White characterizes bioethics as the utilization of the general standards of morals in social insurance (2005). Surely, all the zones in human services, including staff usage, clients’ direct consideration and fund allotment are limited by morals. Morals would bring up an issue however would not give a simple answer. Among the reasons that make morals significant in the cutting edge world remember headway for innovation, changing society and increasingly learned customers. There are three fundamental gatherings in human services influenced by morals, to be specific; the suppliers, patient and family. They would regularly have alternate points of view on how they might want issues took care of. This turns out to be increasingly muddled when bioethics, doctor hypotheses and cultural stake are thought of (Warren 2011). Much the same as different specialists in medicinal services, attendants maintain every guideline in their standard practice. Be that as it may, there are times wh en these standards struggle requiring the nurses’ moral dynamic in picking which of the standards becomes need to be maintained at that point. In such instances of moral predicament, there is no ‘right’ arrangement. Fant characterizes moral predicament as a difficult that doesn't have a palatable goals (2012). Consequently, unique moral decisions on a moral issue could be made, however this doesn't legitimize any decision as being ‘wrong’ or ‘right.’ The meaning of morals differs starting with one medical caretaker then onto the next and would ordinarily be formed by understanding, qualities and convictions of an individual attendant. The code of morals as for the

Charlemagne’s Will: Church, Empire, and Intellect :: Essays Papers

Charlemagne’s Will: Church, Empire, and Intellect â€Å"†¦and [I] will initially give a record of his deeds at home and abroad, at that point of his character and interests, and finally of his organization and passing, overlooking nothing worth knowing or important to know.† †Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne Charlemagneâ€Charles, King of the Franksâ€obviously has a fan in Einhard. His ground-breaking work, The Life of Charlemagne, subtleties the king’s life from the structure of his realm, through the training of his kids, and coming full circle in his last living words: the division of his assets and the guidelines for the protection of his realm. From the outset, the consideration of Charlemagne’s will appears to be an odd decision to end an exposition that exhibits completely the particulars of the incredible man’s life. All things considered, who has to know which kid gets his gold, and which diocese supervisor he supported the most. Einhard uncovers the obliviousness in this presumption by doing the polar opposite: utilizing Charlemagne’s will as the last and most persuading delineation regarding the king’s life and character. Einhard isolates his conversation of Charlemagne into three unmistakable segments, maybe in impersonation of the king’s will, which is likewise parceled into a similar three hidden subjects: church, realm, and acumen. All through his article, Einhard makes consistent references to Charlemagne’s devotion. He takes note of that the lord â€Å"cherished with extraordinary intensity and commitment the standards of the Christian religion.† Charlemagne fabricated the basilica at Aix-la-Chapelle, and â€Å"was a consistent admirer at this church.† (Einhard, 48)†¦. He typified the Christian principle to provide for poor people, and had cozy connections to the popes in Rome. A cynic may discover motivation to accept these activities were absolutely astute or if nothing else had blended motivesâ€his associations with the Vatican were financially beneficialâ€but Einhard’s incorporation of Charlemagne’s will expels all uncertainty. â€Å"In this division he is particularly burning to provide†¦the charity of donations which Christians normally make.† (Einhard, 52). In death, Charlemagne gave quite a bit of his riches to the Church through the diocese su pervisors of every city in his realm, and further specified that upon the demise of one of them, a bit of the rest of the legacy ought to go straightforwardly to poor people, as should the benefit of the offer of his library. Charlemagne’s Will: Church, Empire, and Intellect :: Essays Papers Charlemagne’s Will: Church, Empire, and Intellect â€Å"†¦and [I] will initially give a record of his deeds at home and abroad, at that point of his character and interests, and in conclusion of his organization and passing, overlooking nothing worth knowing or important to know.† †Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne Charlemagneâ€Charles, King of the Franksâ€obviously has a fan in Einhard. His incredible work, The Life of Charlemagne, subtleties the king’s life from the structure of his domain, through the training of his kids, and finishing in his last living words: the division of his assets and the guidelines for the conservation of his realm. From the start, the consideration of Charlemagne’s will appears to be an odd decision to end a paper that exhibits completely the points of interest of the incredible man’s life. All things considered, who has to know which youngster gets his gold, and which ecclesiastical overseer he supported the most. Einhard uncovers the numbness in this suspicion by doing the polar opposite: utilizing Charlemagne’s will as the last and most persuading representation regarding the king’s life and character. Einhard isolates his conversation of Charlemagne into three unmistakable areas, maybe in impersonation of the king’s will, which is additionally parceled into a similar three hidden topics: church, domain, and keenness. All through his paper, Einhard makes steady references to Charlemagne’s devotion. He takes note of that the ruler â€Å"cherished with extraordinary intensity and dedication the standards of the Christian religion.† Charlemagne constructed the basilica at Aix-la-Chapelle, and â€Å"was a steady admirer at this church.† (Einhard, 48)†¦. He typified the Christian convention to provide for poor people, and had cozy connections to the popes in Rome. A doubter may discover motivation to accept these activities were absolutely artful or if nothing else had blended motivesâ€his associations with the Vatican were fiscally beneficialâ€but Einhard’s consideration of Charlemagne’s will evacuates all uncertainty. â€Å"In this division he is particularly burning to provide†¦the magnanimity of charity which Christians typically make.† (Einhard, 52). In death, Charlemagne gave quite a bit of his riches to the Church by means of the ecclesia stical overseers of every city in his domain, and further specified that upon the demise of one of them, a segment of the rest of the legacy ought to go legitimately to poor people, as should the benefit of the offer of his library.

The International Labour Organization Ilo

The International Labor Organization Ilo The International Labor Organization is a United Nations office managing work issues, especially universal work norms and not too bad for all. There are 185 nations that are part conditions of International Labor Organization. The ILO plans to guarantee that it serves the requirements of working ladies and men by uniting governments, businesses and laborers to set work norms, create strategies and devise programs. The very structure of the ILO, where laborers and businesses together have an equivalent voice with governments in its considerations, shows social exchange in real life. It guarantees that the perspectives on the social accomplices are firmly reflected in ILO work measures, arrangements and projects. They have worry about numerous issues which are going on in world. In this article I chose youngster work for additional conversation. Youngster work is an unpredictable issue and various components impact whether kids work or not. Neediness rises as the most convincing motivation behind why kids work. Poor family units spend the greater part of their salary on food and the pay gave by working kids is regularly basic to their endurance. Be that as it may, neediness isn't the main factor in kid work and can't legitimize a wide range of business and bondage. Nations might be similarly poor but then have generally high or moderately low degrees of youngster work. Kid work is obviously impeding to singular kids, keeping them from making the most of their adolescence, hampering their turn of events and now and then causing deep rooted physical or mental harm; it is additionally hindering to families, to networks and to society overall. As both an outcome and a reason for neediness, kid work sustains inconvenience and social avoidance. It subverts national improvement by keeping kids out of school, keeping them from picking up the instruction and aptitudes that would empower them as grown-ups to add to monetary development and thriving. For whatever length of time that kid work proceeds, the ILOs objective of not too bad work can never be accomplished. Conversation A huge number of kids overall are occupied with work that is frustrating their training, advancement and future occupations. A great deal of them are engaged with the most noticeably terrible types of youngster work that in light of the fact that irreversible physical or mental harm, or that even undermine their lives. This circumstance speaks to a terrible infringement of the privileges of individual kids, it sustains destitution and it bargains monetary development and fair turn of events. There are a lot of things can be happened to happen youngster work. Components incorporate for Child work: Boundaries to instruction essential training isn't free in all nations and isn't constantly accessible for all kids, particularly in remote country regions. Where schools are accessible, the nature of training can be poor and the substance not significant. In circumstances where instruction isn't moderate or guardians see no an incentive in training, youngsters are sent to work, as opposed to class. Culture and custom with barely any open doors open to youngsters with more instruction, guardians are probably going to share a social standard in which work is viewed as the most gainful utilization of a childs time. Kids are regularly expected to follow in their folks strides and are as often as possible gathered to help different individuals from the family, frequently at a youthful age. Market request kid work isn't unintentional. Bosses may like to recruit kids since they are less expensive than their grown-up partners, can be apportioned of effectively if work requests vacillate and furthermore structure a quiet, dutiful work-power that won't look to sort out itself for security and backing. The impacts of salary stuns on family units families that don't have the way to manage pay stuns, for example, catastrophic events, financial or agrarian emergencies Mulling over above elements the youngster work will happen. This is a huge issue in current world. Subsequently there are such huge numbers of associations and governments are think about this issue. Thus The ILO has given a need to clear out this issue. The International Labor Organization, from its setting up, has made youngster work one of its focal concerns. ILO chip away at kid work throughout the decades has primarily taken its sign from the expression security of kids in the Preamble to its Constitution. The ILOs prime apparatus in seeking after the disposal of kid work has consistently been, and stays right up 'til today, the work principles that epitomize the idea of a base age to go into business. This methodology reacts to two worries: to shield youngsters from work that meddles with their full turn of events and to seek after monetary productivity through well-working grown-up work markets. Some youngster workers are exceptionally noticeable, for example, road kids working in the urban casual economy. Others, for example, kid local specialists, are adequately avoided general visibility and are accordingly especially defenseless, including to physical, enthusiastic and sexual maltreatment. As opposed to working in formal part foundations that produce for send out, most of youngster workers in assembling drudge in flexibly chains delivering for the local market, for instance, in the creation of firecrackers, matches or incense sticks. A detailed increment in locally situated creation of these and different products, in light of elevated serious weights, carries with it an expanded potential for misuse of youngster work. Such concealed gatherings of youngsters present specific difficulties for look into and viable activity. A future without kid work follows the ILOs chronicled worry with the annulment of kid work. At its absolute first meeting, the International Labor Conference embraced the Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919 . Throughout the years that followed, the idea of least age for passage into work was reached out to various monetary divisions, coming full circle with the selection of the thorough Minimum Age Convention, 1973. The consideration of the successful abrogation of kid work in the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, received in 1988, featured the developing agreement over the world that youngster work speaks to a genuine danger to maintainable monetary and social improvement all over. The consistent reception, the next year, of the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 , and its resulting extraordinary pace of confirmation, validate the quality of the political will among ILO part States to handle, with businesses and laborers ass ociations and all accomplices in common society, these most outrageous types of youngster work as an issue of the best earnestness. Show No. 182 has served to combine resolve on the requirement for sure fire activity to battle the most noticeably terrible types of kid work, joined by measures to take out and forestall all kid work in the more drawn out term. Drawing on the arrangements of Conventions Nos. 138 and 182, they recognize three classifications of kid work to be killed: Work performed by a kid who is under a base age determined in national enactment for that sort of work. Work that risks the physical, mental or moral prosperity of a youngster, known as perilous work The unqualified most exceedingly terrible types of youngster work, which are globally characterized as subjection, dealing, obligation servitude and different types of constrained work, constrained enlistment for use in equipped clash, prostitution and erotic entertainment, and illegal exercises. Besides they have taken a few destinations to dispose of this kid work issue. Key targets in the battle against kid work the long custom of ILO standard setting and oversight in the field of youngster work, dating from the absolute first meeting of the International Labor Conference in 1919 and paving the way to the selection of the umbrella Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138); The catalyst given by the appropriation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989; The experience picked up by national governments working with IPEC; expanded activism on youngster work by businesses and laborers associations and non-legislative associations (NGOs); The consistent reception of the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 (No. 182), and the ensuing effort for its widespread approval and usage; Research and activity that have given new bits of knowledge into the causes, measurements and methods for decreasing both destitution and kid work. As indicated by the on objective the ILO have intended to wipe out kid work in each nation. Despite the fact that, when they erect new destinations and strategies they should concern nations arrangements. So that is a colossal trouble that they are appearance as of now. End Childrens interest in the work power toward the beginning of the twenty-first century is constantly shifted and vastly unpredictable, reacting to changing business sector and social conditions. This condition is coordinated by the adaptability of the enormous, unprotected, potential youngster work power. Neediness and social rejection, work portability, segregation based on sex and different grounds, and absence of satisfactory social assurance and instructive open door all become possibly the most important factor in affecting kid work results. The ILO approaches all accomplices in this endeavor to try harder, to give all kids, all over the place, the adolescence and the future that they deserve.universal training and social insurance, together with a superior comprehension of the requirements and privileges of kids, can achieve a noteworthy decrease in youngster work. Proposal Working intimately with governments are the social accomplices bosses and laborers associations who are extraordinarily set to comprehend and to change the real factors of the work environment so kid work essentially has no part to play. Organizations work on a level plane at national level and furthermore vertically between national, provincial and global players

IAP Jealousy

IAP Jealousy One thing we always mention during information sessions is IAP, because of how unique it is to an MIT education. I wanted to update my spiel a little since I tend to talk about glass-blowing and truffle-making and theres so much more happening that I wish I could participate in but cant because Im home reading your applications. (Its okay, you can throw a #sorrynotsorry at me.) One day a week, we meet in the office to catch up on non-reading work and meetings and I spied a bunch of class offerings that are really interesting: Heavy Metal 101 is turning MIT up to 11! AeroAstro is going to have some daytime stargazing to safely look at the Sun, weather permitting. You can also hang out with MIT astronomers over cocoa. Later on, you can find out more about how the first stars were formed, cosmic mirages, or neutron stars. You can always find coding events on campus, whether self-learning or learning to make a difference. Its not all about the mind in January. Hillel sponsored a Hummus and homemade chips workshop and Tae Kwon Do is recruiting new members. I also just learned about our Plasma Science Fusion Center by walking past it a few weeks ago (its a bit out of the way). They are also having quite a few talks about fusion energy, space weather research, and nuclear measurements. This years Charm School participants have the chance to learn dating etiquette (Should you use that pick up line your Chemistry TA taught you?) Sound off on your favorite nerdy pick up line in the comments, and if you want to see more of what is happening during IAP, check out mit.tumblr.com which is also doing a series of posts this month on IAP classes.

Report on Desalination Process - Free Essay Example

Contents: 1. Mechanical Vapor Compression 2. Reverse Osmosis 3. A Comparative Analysis of other Desalination Processes 4. 1. A brief description of various Desalination Processes 4. 2. 1. Distillation Processes 4. 2. 2. 1. Multistage Flash Distillation 4. 2. 2. 2. Multieffect Distillation 4. 2. 2. 3. Vapor Compression 4. 2. 2. Membrane Processes 4. 2. 3. 4. Electrodialysis 4. 2. 3. 5. Reverse Osmosis 4. 2. 3. Solar Distillation/Humidification 4. 2. Process Selection 4. A Derivation of the Rate of depletion of Limestone used to make water portable 5. 3. Derivation 5. 4. Sample Calculation 5. 5. Graph Chapter 3 A Comparative Analysis of other Desalination Processes In the following chapter we compare and contrast various types of Desalination Processes. There are many methods of desalination currently in practice today. They vary in efficiency, cost of installment, purity of the product, geographical requirements and a variety of other factors which will be further highlighted in th e following pages. 3. 1. A brief description of various Desalination Processes: The following section gives an introduction as well as the principle, orking, chemical treatments required and advantages disadvantages of the various desalination processes. 3. 1. 1. Distillation Processes: 3. 1. 1. 1. Multistage Flash Distillation Introduction: Single stage flash evaporators have been used since the early nineteen hundreds when they were used in the Alberger salt process to obtain salt from brine. Multistage flash evaporators however, were first installed about 55 years ago and were usually of small capacity with low thermal efficiencies. In 1956, a four stage, four unit, 9460 m3/d flash plant was installed in Kuwait. By avoiding separate shells for each stage, a great improvement was made in the economics of evaporators. Today, Multi-stage flash distillation plants produce over 85 percent of all desalinated water in the world, despite the fact that Reverse Osmosis plants are the m ore numerous. The patent for the MSF process was filed by Mr. Silver. It was described as a plant employing flash distillation in which the number of stages is more than twice the performance ratio (pounds of distillate produced/1,000 BTU of heat input) which in some cases was about 3 times the actual value. MSF solved some of the basic problems of the desalination process such as scale formation, which when combined with the ability of these plants to be built in large capacities resulted in these plants being the largest source of desalinated water in the world. By 1984, 67. 6% of all desalination plants (6,075,000 m3/day) were operating on the MSF principle. The unit size has also increased as much as 100 fold since 1972. Principle: Multistage flash processes work on the concept that vapors can be produced from any liquid which is at its boiling point by lowering the pressure. This is due to the fact that reducing the pressure decreases the boiling point of water. Working: The plant has a series of spaces called stages, each containing a  heat exchanger  and a condensate collector. The series has one cold end and one hot end while the stages in between have intermediate temperatures. The pressure in each stage corresponds to the  pressure  required to boil water at the respective temperatures. Beyond the hot end there exists a container called the  brine  heater. When the plant is operating in  steady state, feed water at the cold inlet temperature flows through the heat exchangers in the stages and is heated. When it reaches the brine heater it already has nearly the maximum temperature. In the heater, an amount of additional heat is added. After the heater, the water flows through  valves  back into the stages which have ever lower pressure and temperature. As it flows back through the stages the water is now called brine, to distinguish it from the inlet water. In each stage, as the brine enters, its temperature is above the bo iling point at the pressure of the stage, and a small fraction of the brine water boils or flashes to steam thereby reducing the temperature until equilibrium is reached. The resulting steam is a little hotter than the feed water in the heat exchanger. The steam cools and  condenses  against the heat exchanger tubes, thereby heating the feed water as described earlier. The total evaporation in each stage is about 15% of the water flowing through the system, depending on the range of temperatures used. When temperature is further increased, there are growing difficulties of scale formation and corrosion. 120 °C has been the maximum thus far, although scale avoidance may require temperatures below 70 °C. The feed water carries away the  latent heat  of the condensed steam, maintaining the low temperature of the stage. The pressure in the chamber remains constant as equal amounts of steam is formed when new warm brine enters the stage and steam is removed as it conden ses on the tubes of the heat exchanger. The equilibrium is stable, because if at some point more vapor forms, the pressure increases and that reduces evaporation and increases condensation. In the final stage the brine and the condensate has a temperature near the inlet temperature. Then the brine and condensate are pumped out from the low pressure in the stage to the ambient pressure. The brine and condensate still carry a small amount of heat that is lost from the system when they are discharged. The heat that was added in the heater makes up for this loss. The heat added in the brine heater usually comes in the form of hot steam from an industrial process co-located with the desalination plant. The steam is allowed to condense against tubes carrying the brine (similar to what happens in the stages). Schematic of a  multi-stage flash  desalinator A Steam in B Seawater in C Potable water out D Waste out E Steam out F Heat exchange G Condensation collection H Brine heater Chemical Treatment: Pretreatment: MSF plants require sea water with a temperature range of 20 -35 °C and a salinity of 42,000 ppm as the primary feed. This water undergoes pretreatment consisting of filtration, chlorination, antiscale chemical dosing, de-aeration/de-carbonation before being processed by the plant. Without this treatment there would be frequent interruptions to the plant operation. Scale prevention: By increasing the flash or temperature range of the plant with the same surface area, the performance ratio is increased however the limitations are, that on the cold side the minimum achievable temperature is the temperature of sea water and on the hot side the maximum achievable temperature is limited due to scale formation. Some of the methods to prevent this are: a) Polyphosphates: treatment with polyphosphates causes the formation of sludge as opposed to scales in the condenser tubes. maximum achievable temperature is 91 °C) b) Acid treatment: Addition of HCl or H2SO4 in fixed quantities reduces alkalinity and prevents scale formation. (maximum achievable temperature is 121 °C) c) High temperature additives: HTA’s such as Belgard EV prevent scale formation and produce crystal distortion. (maximum achievable temperature is 112 °C) Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Can be constructed in very large capacities. | Performance ratio is limited since the upper temperature is limited to 121 °C| Boiling does not take place on the tube surface therefore there is less susceptibility to fouling. Low heat transfer coefficients which require a greater surface area when compared to MED. | Scale prevention is less hazardous because threshold chemicals are extensively used (acid treatment is not preferred) therefore there is less likelihood of corrosion due to overdosing. | Often operates well below the design capacity and in some cases as much as 60% below said capacity. | Low cost steam can be used. | Large capi tal costs with large intake structures. | Water is very pure. | Large amount of seawater required compared to production which requires a large amount of pumping power. Considerable operating experience is available. | Long term effects of the additives are unknown. | Economies of scale work well. | Improper material selection and noise pollution have caused problems in the past. | Table 3. 1 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 1. 2. Multi Effect Distillation: Introduction: The MED process also has a rather long history. Many such plants were build by chemical industries over the last thousand years although their primary purpose was the recovery of brine. This process however was also among the first used to produce significant amounts of water from the sea and although it has been replaced by MSF as the leading source of desalinated water it still accounts for a significant portion of the water produced by such plants today. To put it numerically ME plants produce about 492,636m3/day and at present the largest ME unit produces 20,000m3/day. Principle: In this process, vapors are produced by two means. The first is by pressure reduction (flashing) and the second by heat input (boiling). Working: In ME distillation, 2 or more effects are present. Each operates at a lower temperature and pressure than the previous. The first effect is heated by low pressure steam and vapors are generated from the feed water in the effect tubes. These vapors are then directed, through a demister, to tubes in the second effect. Since this effect is at a lower temperature, the vapors can be used to evaporate the brine. This occurs when the vapors condense on the inner side of the tubes and release heat to the next effect. Some of the vapors produced in each effect are sent to the associated preheater, where they heat incoming feed and are condensed. All the brine which does not evaporate is then sent to the next effect for fu rther vaporization. The process can be repeated as long as the temperature difference is high enough to act as the driving force. Brine from the last effect is rejected as blow down and vapors from this effect are condensed in a final condenser where feed water serves as the coolant. Most of the feed water Is rejected after passing through the condenser. Schematic of a multiple effect desalination plant. The first stage is at the top. Pink areas are vapor; lighter blue areas are liquid feed water. Stronger turquoise is condensate. F Feed water in S Heating steam in C Heating steam out W Fresh water (condensate) out R Brine out O Coolant in P Coolant out VC Last-stage cooler Chemical Treatment: Pretreatment costs are very low. Since when feed is at high temperature it is at its lowest concentration the risk of scaling is reduced. Standard antiscaling procedure is followed. Advantages Disadvantages: The advantages and disadvantages are similar to those seen in multistage f lashing. It does however have an additional disadvantage in that it cannot be used on the same scale as MSF. On the other hand it has a considerably lower construction cost when compared to MSF therefore this method of desalination is still widely used today in many forms. Overall for relatively small units (less than one mgd (22. 8245m3/s)) this method is often preferred over MSF however for larger units MSF is more cost effective. 3. 1. 1. 3. Vapour Compression: As this process has already been described in detail, only the advantages and disadvantages are listed here. Advantages| Disadvantages| Simplicity compact construction| The reliability of the unit is directly dependant on the compressor which is likely to fail| Operation is stable and can be done with no recirculation and low labor costs| At lower temperatures the vapor specific volume increases causing the compressor load to increase| Low pumping power required| At higher temperatures scaling occurs| No cooling wat er required| Fluctuations have a greater tendency to effect productivity or destabilize the plant. Low capital cost | When increasing the number of effects, energy consumption of the compressor increases causing a reduction in performance ratio| High performance ratio/unit of heat transfer surface area| As in the case of MEDs this process is only practical on a relatively small scale| Table 3. 2 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 2. Membrane Processes: 3. 1. 2. 1. Electrodialysis: Introduction: This process is particularly useful is desalting brackish waters. The principle of this process has been known since the early 1900s although the first unit was put into service only in the year 1954 in the Middle East. Units are medium sized (100-400m3/day range) and can be used to desalinate water with extremely high salinity. These plants have been used to bring water with mineral content of several thousand ppm down to 500ppm. These plant s produce over 450,000m3/day which is about 4. 7% of the world’s total produce. Principle: The ED method is based on the principle that the dissolved salts are ionic in nature and hence when subjected to an electric field the cations will travel to one end while the anions travel to the other. Also certain selective membranes are used that allow only positive charged particles to pass through on one side and negative particles on the other (anion and cation permeable membranes) Working: As explained earlier, selective membranes are placed alternately between the cathode and the anode. When a DC current is passed though the liquid, anions like SO42- and Cl- move towards the positive end while the cations like Na+ and Ca2+ move towards the negative end. They each pass through their respective membranes and enter a cell which is a space made up of one ionic membrane and one cationic membrane. The anions while be separated from the positive end by a cation membrane and the cations from the negative end by a cation membrane. The result is that alternate cells become concentrated and the intermediate cells become dilute which is the product. The rate of salt removal is controlled by Faraday’s laws and practical demineralization rates are in the 75 to 99% range. Pretreated feed water is passed along parallel paths which ensure a continuous flow of the rejected brine and the product water streams. At the electrodes oxidation and reduction reactions take place. The cathode system is treated with acid and recycled while the anode system is usually sent to the drain. Figure 3. 3 (www. fumatech. com) During this process it is necessary add acid to presoften the feedwater to achieve stable operation. Non mineral substances spoil the membrane surfaces and units show marked deterioration with time To combat this, the direction of the DC current is nowadays reversed every 20 minutes or so. This process has therefore been called EDR or Electrodialysis reversal. Chemical Treatment: Acid or polyphosphate is added to the brine system to prevent deposition of salts. If scaling becomes excessive at any point, cleaning is done either mechanically after disassembling the stack or during the process itself. Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Can be used for water with extremely high salinity| Polarization takes place within the membranes which requires an increase in the DC voltage. Low cost of construction and labor| Membrane fouling due to non mineral substances| Extremely low pumping requirements| Leaks in the membrane occur causing contamination of product| Maintenance is relatively simple| Degradation of electrodes occurs with time. | Table 3. 3 (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 2. 2. Reverse Osmosis: As this process has already been described in detail, only the advantages and disadvantages are listed here. Advantages| Disadvantages| Easy and simple operatio n| Ratio of product to input is low and therefore can only be used in places where the source of water is the sea (not a limited source)| Rapid delivery and installation| Variety of materials required for pretreatment| Easy expansion due to modular concept| Rate of production is slow| Low energy consumption and maintenance| Cost effectiveness declines as many modules are setup| Operation at low temperatures lowers corrosion and allows cheaper materials to be used| Input water cannot be highly concentrated| Modular concept allows for replacement of defective parts easily| Product water has a comparatively high chloride content| Table 3. (Desalination Processes and MSF distillation practice by Arshad Hassan Khan) 3. 1. 3. Solar Distillation/Humidification: Introduction: Although it was first developed over a century ago in Chile when it produced 27m3/day, serious research was not conducted till much later. The increase in the cost of fossil fuels was what spurred research in this fiel d. Principle: The basic principle is the greenhouse effect and the fact that water evaporates below its boiling point. Working: Solar Energy is used for the distillation of salt waters in a solar still which acts as an absorber for solar energy. Water is heated due to greenhouse effect to a temperature of 50 – 60 °C. The rate does of course depend on the intensity of solar radiation. The evaporated water is drained and collected. Figure 3. 4 (www. dr1. com) Chemical Treatment: Chemical treatment in this process is very low. Advantages Disadvantages: Advantages| Disadvantages| Ecofriendly| Can only be used on a very small scale| Very low maintenance and construction cost| Product is variable as the rate of production is based on incident sunlight| No electricity required| Can only be constructed in certain geographic zones| No labor required| Cost effectiveness reduces when its constructed in large numbers| Table 3. 5 3. 2. Process Selection Important Factors: * Product water quality and quantity Feedwater quantity characteristics * Energy availability * Location * Economic Constraints Based on these factors the processes are selected. When product water quality requirements are high, MSF or MVC are used while when it is lower, whereas when requirements are comparatively lower, RO and Electrodialysis can be used. When product water quantity needs to be high MSF is most preferred process while solar distillation can be used if quantity requirements are lower. Energy Availability is required for processes like ED, MSF, etc while processes like solar distillation require almost no continuous energy. Location plays an important role with regard to pumping power. Also availability of direct sunlight is required for solar distillation. Economic Constraints also play a role. When the budget is low processes like EDR and RO are used assuming quantity of water required is low while if required water quantity of water is high, MSF is the most cost effect ive method. Chapter 4 Derivation of a formula to calculate rate of consumption(R) of CaCO3 (Limestone) 4. 1. Derivation: Information required: * Temperature of product water (T ( °C)) * Conductivity of water (before being passed through the limestone but after dosing of NaOCl) (G1 ( µS/cm)) * Conductivity of water (after being passed through the limestone) (G2 ( µS/cm))) * Mass flow rate (V (tones/hr)) Assumptions: CaCO3 is the only compound that dissolves in water while it is passed through the limestone (other compounds like sulfates dissolve in negligible proportions) * The temperature coefficient of conductivity (? ) of CaCO3 is . 02/ °C Procedure Theory of Calculation: Step 1: The difference in conductivity is first measured (Gt = G2 – G1). This gives us the change in conductivity due to CaCO3. Step 2: Based on this value we can calculate change in conductivity at 25 °C (G) using the formula: G = Gt / [1+ {? ? (T-25)}] (? = . 02) The value of conductivity at 2 5  °C for various concentrations of CaCo3 (in parts per million) were obtained from www. omega. om and verified by calculation. These values are as follows: Conductivity (G) ( µS/cm)| ppm CaCO3| 1020| 425. 0| 415| 170. 0| 315| 127. 5| 210| 85. 0| 105| 42. 5| 42. 7| 17. 0| 32. 1| 12. 7| 21. 4| 8. 5| 10. 8| 4. 25| 4. 35| 1. 70| 0. 055| none| Table 4. 1 (www. omega. com) Using the above values a graph was plotted (G versus ppm). As can be seen, the graph is more or less a straight line (curves at higher concentrations) for our area of observation. Step 3: With the help of the graph, the ppm of CaCO3 which corresponds to the conductivity G (at 25 °C) is found. Step 4: Finally to calculate R we use the formula: R (g/hr) = ppm (CaCO3) ? V (tones/hr) To find total mass of CaCO3 dissolved in time t (hrs) we can multiply t with the average value of R over the given time. 4. 2. Sample Calculation for Average Values Information required: * Temperature of product water (T ( °C)) = 29  °C (Design input) + 2. 5 = 31. 5 °C * Conductivity of water (before being passed through the limestone but after dosing of NaOCl) (G1 ( µS/cm)) = 31. 5 ((18 + 45)/2) * Conductivity of water (after being passed through the limestone) (G2 ( µS/cm))) = 500 * Mass flow rate will remain as a variable (V (tones/hr)) Procedure Theory of Calculation: Step 1: The difference in conductivity is first measured (Gt = G2 – G1). This gives us the change in conductivity due to CaCO3. Gt = 500 – 31. 5 = 469. 5 Step 2: Based on this value we can calculate change in conductivity at 25 °C (G) using the formula: G = Gt / [1+ {? ? (T-25)}] (? = . 02) G=469. 5/[1+{. 02? (31. 5-25)}] = 415. 5 Step 3: With the help of the graph, the ppm of CaCO3 which corresponds to the conductivity G (at 25 °C) is found. ppm of CaCO3 = 170 (approx) Step 4: Finally to calculate R we use the formula: R (g/hr) = ppm (CaCO3) ? V (tones/hr) R = 170 ? V = 170V Hence rate of consumption of CaCO3 is 170V g/hr (where V is in tones/hr) 4. 3 Graph Figure 4. 1 (Drawn by project trainee based on information from www. omega. com)

Value Added Tax Case Study - 710 Words

Despite the fact that UAE has long been famous for its zero tax status, the introduction of Value Added Tax(VAT) is expected to happen at a rate of 5%, with some limited exceptions including basic food items, health care, and education. The UAE is planning to implement it on January 1st, 2018. According to Nikola Kosutic, the Research Manager for Euromonitor International Middle East, the UAE’s first major tax will have varying degrees of impact on different segments of the retail sector. The value-added tax is a tax on the amount by which the value of a good or service has been increased at each stage of its production or distribution. The imposition of which are highly related to products’ elasticity of demand -- the more elastic the†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, VAT does not bring all bad news. Although 0% to 1% has a much bigger impact than 10% to 20%, the impact of 5% tax on the customer is expected to be minimal. Because the margin in the country is so great, that the retailers will have some cushion for the introduction of the tax. They will be able to introduce markups which are so huge that it is unlikely to happen in any other place around the world. Therefore, a 5% tax is not going to change Dubai’s popularity as a shopping destination. The government officials in UAE and Saudi Arabia expected to use the money earned through VAT to reinvest in the development of new projects, which will likely create new jobs and strengthen the economy in the long run. In terms of business, may corporations and retailers respond to the tax fairly positively. A spokesperson from Lulu group international said that he doesn’t think the tax is going to affect business since many of UAE residences are from countries that have VAT in place. The financial officer of Brands Trading, Imran Khalid, believes that there will be some minor problems in the first few days but overall it won’t cause any major impacts. KBBO Group which owns Fathima Supermarket believes that the trend is not expected to be different due to the fact that groceries will not be affected by the VAT. Consumers generally, are expected to adapt quickly to these kinds of changes. Tourism and aviation, for example, have always had new taxes added on themShow Mor eRelatedAccounting Aspect of Value Added Tax in Bangladesh1634 Words   |  7 PagesAccounting Aspect of Value Added Tax in Bangladesh Term Paper On Accounting Aspect of Value Added Tax in Bangladesh Prepared By : Name : Md. Mahmudul Hassan Roll : University Roll : Class Roll : Supervisor’s Name and Designation Mr. Md Nurajjaman Assistant professor Department of Accounting Govt. 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Environment and Animal Rights - Contrast and Compare

Updated and Edited by  Michelle A. Rivera,  Animal Rights Expert for About.com  May 16, 2016 The environmental movement and the animal rights movement often have similar goals, but the philosophies are different and sometimes cause the two camps to oppose each other. The Environmental Movement The goal of the environmental movement is protect the environment and use resources in a sustainable manner. Campaigns are based on the big picture - whether a practice can continue without harming the balance of the ecosystem. The environment is important as it affects human health, but the environment is also, in itself, worth protecting. Popular environmental campaigns include protecting the Amazon rainforest from deforestation, protecting endangered species, reducing pollution, and fighting climate change. The Animal Rights Movement The goal of the animal rights movement is for animals to be free of human use and exploitation. Animal rights is based on a recognition that non-human animals are sentient and therefore have their own rights and interests. While some activists work on single issue campaigns such as fur, meat, or circuses; the broader goal is a vegan world where all animal use and exploitation is eliminated. Similarities Between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Both movements recognize we must protect the environment. Both oppose unsustainable practices, and both seek to protect wildlife from habitat loss, pollution and climate change. These threats affect not only whole ecosystems but individual animals who will suffer and die if we continue to ignore environmental issues. We also often see environmental and animal rights groups taking the same position on an issue for different reasons. While animal rights groups oppose eating meat because it infringes on the rights of the animals, some environmental groups oppose meat eating because of the environmental devastation of animal agriculture. The Atlantic Chapter of the Sierra Club has a Biodiversity/Vegetarian Outreach Committee, and calls meat a Hummer on a Plate. Both movements also work to protect endangered animal species. Animal rights activists work to protect spotted owls because they are sentient beings, while environmentalists want to see individual spotted owls protected because the individuals are important for the survival of the species; and that species is important in the web of life. Differences between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Most animal rights activists also try to protect the environment, but if there is a conflict between environmental protection and the lives of individual animals, animal rights activists will choose to protect the animals because the animals are sentient and the rights of the individuals cannot be infringed to protect trees or a collective group. Also, environmentalists may not object if an activity kills or threatens individual animals without threatening the species or ecosystem as a whole. For example, some environmentalists do not oppose hunting or may even support hunting if they believe that hunting will not threaten the survival of the species. The rights and interests of individual animals are not a concern to some environmentalists. However, hunting cannot be considered acceptable to animal rights advocates because killing an animal, whether it is for food or trophies, infringes on the rights of the animal. This applies whether or not the species is endangered or threatened. To an animal rights activist, the life of a single animal matters. Similarly, environmentalists often talk about conservation, which is the sustainable use of a resource. Hunters also use the word conservation as a euphemism for hunting. To animal rights advocates, animals should not be considered a resource. This difference in philosophies causes People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to refer to the World Wildlife Fund as the Wicked Wildlife Fund. WWF is not an animal rights group, but works to conserve nature. According to PETA, WWF has demanded more animal testing of genetically modified organisms before they are approved for human consumption. To WWF, the potential threat of GMOs to the environment and to human health outweighs the lives of animals who are used for GMO safety testing. Animal rights advocates believe that we cannot exploit animals in laboratories by conducting GMO testing, or in any other testing, regardless of the possible benefits. According to PETA, WWF also does not oppose the killing of seals for fur, since they do not believe that the practice threatens the survival of the seal population. Wildlife While the deaths of individual animals are not usually considered an environmental issue, environmental groups do sometimes get involved in non-endangered wildlife issues. For example, some environmental groups work to protect all whale species, even though some whale species - such as minke whales and Brydes whales - are not endangered. The protection of large, iconic animals like whales, panda bears and elephants will probably always be championed by some environmental groups regardless of their survival status due to the popularity of these animals, which gives them a high profile.

Essay on Rent Control Pros and Cons - 1270 Words

Rent Control: Pros and Cons Evaluate the pros and cons of rent control and rent stabilization in NYC. Rent control is the government imposition of price ceilings on rent for apartments in certain areas of a city. The goal is usually to protect the rights of the poor. Thus, in a rent controlled or rent stabilized building, the amount of rent will not increase as quickly as inflation. While the moral side of rent control may have some appeal, in the long run the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. Those who argue in favor of rent control say that it is the only way to protect lower-income tenants from landlords who overprice, and from being forced to move out of a neighborhood because they cannot afford the rent. Limiting the price†¦show more content†¦This is because even if rent controls dont include new constructions, owners are afraid to build any new buildings if in a few years those too will be taken over by rent control. Rent control thus leads to less construction and an even greater unsatisfied demand. This, in turn, increases the rents of uncontrolled apartmen ts even more. New constructions are also avoided because banks and insurance companies dont want to invest in areas where rent control is in effect, because they know that it is likely that landlords will not be able to pay for the building, and they will lose their investment. For all of these reasons, I believe that rent control should be abandoned in New York City. The situation we have is of many run-down buildings that are rent controlled, and other areas where rent is so expensive that no one from the middle class can afford to live in them. On top of all this, in New York, many people rent out their rent controlled apartments for a profit Ââ€" a practice which is opposite to the initial spirit of rent control legislation. Without rent control, the housing situation in New York would be more equitable for everyone, and the city would benefit. Critically evaluate the issues in the people versus places controversy. The people versus places controversy is concerned with two basic philosophies of distributing benefits with the goal of improving living standards and local economic development. In basic terms,Show MoreRelatedDescription Of A Business Model915 Words   |  4 PagesThe business plan: 1. Description of the business model Describing chosen business model, articulate the pros and cons of both company-operated and franchise businesses and explain why I ultimately chose one model over the other. 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A Machiavellian Ruler Of Shakespeare s Hamlet - 1196 Words

A Machiavellian ruler is a cunning ruler. This is a ruler who uses anything and anyone that is within his power to get into power and to keep the power. This is not all that entails a Machiavellian ruler. Other characteristics such as good fortunes, wisdom and bravery all come into play. Nonetheless, it is the wickedness in a Machiavellian ruler that is reflected in Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet through King Claudius. King Claudius, is a classic example of the type of ruler Machiavelli discusses in his book The Prince. According to Machiavelli, love is better than fear for a leader. However, the real question is how you instill this fear into the people. Is it through murder or treachery or war? Either one can work well depending on the circumstances. Such as, too much fear which may come back to haunt one. For King Claudius, he is lucky that he is not hated or feared by the people but by Hamlet. King Claudius ascended into power through treachery and murder. Through this proces s, he left many people in pain and caused himself to feel guilty about his acts at certain point in time. â€Å"That cannot be, since I am still possessed Of those effects for which I did the murder: My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen. May one be pardoned and retain th offense? In the corrupted currents of this world Offense’s gilded hand may shove by justice† (Hamlet, 3.3.54). This quote describes the story of a man who knows he is guilty of the sin of murder, yet still feels he can benefit fromShow MoreRelatedMachiavellian Macbeth ? Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  While Macbeth exhibits certain Machiavellian characteristics, he does not heed Machiavellis advice regarding rulers who desire to obtain their principalities through crime, and through either the ignorance of, or disregard for, this advice, Macbeth cannot be considered Machiavellian. Hence it should be noted that in taking hold of a state, he who seizes it should examine all the offenses necessary for him to commit, and do them all at a stroke....For injuries must be done all togetherRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

A Letter from Ponyboy Free Essays

Greetings to you! How are you, older brother?   It’s been quite a while since I sent you a letter. My mistake. Sorry for that. We will write a custom essay sample on A Letter from Ponyboy or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’ve been busy for the last few weeks here insane Diego. My study is eating up most of my time. Right now, we are approaching already the finals week. A lot of requirements are already on my list. But don’t you worry brother, I am okay. I manage to keep healthy and strong despite the conflicts of time in my part-time job and schooling. And speaking of work, I have some good news for you. The manager of the food chain I am working at was impressed by my dedication to my job. In fact, I was chosen to be the crew of the month. Because of that, I got an additional compensation in my salary. Not too big, but large enough to spend for my thesis. It was a big help since I badly needed to finish my thesis as the final submission of it is nearing. Of course, I have to graduate this semester. That was my promise to you, right? Don’t worry, Darry. All of your spending for my schooling will finally come to an end. A month from now, I will be called â€Å"Lawyer Ponyboy Curtis†. However, I will not be able to reach this status if not because of you. Thank you so much, Darry. I really appreciate all the things you have done and sacrificed for me. I know that you don’t want to marry your fiancà ©e Lindsay until I haven’t finished my studies. But I told you for several times that you don’t need to do that. You don’t have to sacrifice your own happiness just for my sake. I can manage myself now. I am a man now. Being thirty years old is no longer young. But what did you do? You still insisted to pay half of my tuition. I told you to keep them for yourself and for your future. You, too, are no longer young. You must build a family of your own, just like what Sodapop did. You’re such a stubborn. No wonder why they called you Superman back then. You’re such a strong-willed person. But no matter how strong-willed you are, you must promise me that after my graduation, you will take care of your personal life. By the way, how’s work after being promoted as chief lieutenant of the Oklahoma Police Department? Doing well? How’s peace and security there? You know what, I’m very happy with your current situation, actually, with the situations of us three—you, Sodapop, and I. After the long battle between the Socs and the greasers, I was glad that you decided to study and be a cop. I haven’t told you this, but I want you to know now that you are my greatest idol. When I saw how you managed to study while working, I admire you. Aside from that, you managed to raise me and Sodapop well after that horrible loss of our parents. Thank you for that. What’s up with Sodapop, by the way? Have the two of you seen each other lately? I had the chance to meet him personally last month after he visited his in-laws here in California. I also had the chance to meet the kids. Oh, Paul was so cute. He’s so like Sodapop—charming and good-looking. I bet when he grows up, he will be a Sodapop the Second. And have you heard about the good news? Sandy is three- month old pregnant! Boy, you should see the happiness in their eyes—a picture of a complete and a happy family. Aside from that, Sodapop is planning to put up a branch of their bookstore here in San Diego. Looks like he and Sandy are meant for business. I really wanted to be with you now, Darry. How I miss my adolescent days. Right after my graduation, I will spend some time with you. You take care of yourself. Until next time. Your younger brother, Ponyboys How to cite A Letter from Ponyboy, Papers

Marketing Communication an integrated Communication Plan

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Communication an integrated Communication Plan. Answer: Introduction: The company being started is an event management company and will be called Zeus Services. The company is expected to cater to all types of events, but with specific emphasis on weddings amongst the middle classes (Petersen, Kushwaha and Kumar 2015). The company is making virgin strides into an as yet unexplored territory as there are hardly any players in this market segment. Being amongst the pioneers Zeus Services shall be working on uncharted territory and hence need to put forward each step with caution and after due deliberation. Marketing objectives Weddings are considered to be a special moment in everyones life and thus the efforts and strain that surround the event is huge. The bride and groom hare burdened with numerous chores from selection of venue, dress code, costumes, menu and so on to even the accommodation and travel arrangements of the guests. The guest list is of particular concern as most weddings while spectacular do not usually tend to be an opus affair. Bearing all these factors in mind, Zeus services aims to provide a one-stop solution to all wedding events for persons of all religions and beliefs. Products/ services An all inclusive wedding service provider, Zeus Services shall be involved in pre-wedding, wedding and post-wedding arrangements to ensure that the bride, groom and their families can sit back and enjoy their special day or even make it more special. The company would like to assure a hassle free and memorable event for its esteemed clients. As event managers, Zeus Creations would be involved in all pre wedding dilemmas including creating a guest list, checking RSVPs, confirming the guest list and venue, decoration of the venue, transportation to the venue, accommodation of guests, and scheduling pick-ups and drops as per their travel plans; meeting special request like wheel chairs and so on if any; ensuring availability of a duty doctor for any minor emergencies that may occur, lighting at the venue, menu, seating arrangements and circulating gift lists as well as pre wedding bachelorette and bachelor parties; dress trails; and so on as well as post wedding cleaning up activities. Target audience segment analysis While the super rich tend to have lavish and extravagant weddings without a though of the costs involved or being bothered about the nitty-grittys due to their complete dependence on wedding planners, the middle class tends to be burdened with the need to ensure that wedding expenses remain within budget, without causing any embarrassment to any of the concerned parties; while simultaneously making sure the day is special and memorable. The target audience chosen is therefore the discerning middle class who want a special day but within a budget. The super rich are already being catered to by a several event managers who offer them service for not just wedding planning but all other events like births, birthdays, anniversaries and so on as well. The poor are not interested in spending on such matters and tend to be happy with a simple ceremony. The middle is class is further divided into those who would not mind spending but within their predefined budgetary constraints, as well as those who believe that wedding expenses are a mere waste of good money that can be spent on other things needed for a married life. Zeus Services intends to cater to the former group amongst the middle class. Communication objectives The three communication objectives in advertising that have been identifies by Zeus Services are developing brand awareness, promoting services as well as influence interests and consumer attitudes. Being a company in a niche segment, without too many predecessors to set an example, the primary communication objective of Zeus Services is to generate awareness about the services being offered; and assuring potential clients of best services for their wedding. The secondary objective would be communicating about the various services being provided. The first objective can be easily achieved through the use of traditional advertisements in newspapers and local periodicals. Since Zeus services is a new company, they would need to make significant provisions for advertisements to kick start their business. Word of mouth would also help, but the impact would be slower as awareness would be limited to the contact circle and their friends (Chen and Xie 2008). The secondary objective would need to be more focused on potential clients (Pickton and Broderick 2005). Churches, boutiques catering to wedding dresses and hotels are a good source of information a potential clients would approach these places at the beginning of their wedding. Zeus Services is in touch with the owners and employees at these respective sources of potential clients. Potential clients would need to be contacted either in groups or individually. While the latter would help eliminate repeat visits for closing the deal; it would be a difficult task to get many prospective couples to spend time with strangers in between their bust schedule. Thus, a personal mailer, hand delivered to all couples looking at marriage dates within the next 4 months would be ideal. The invitation would infuse a curiosity in their minds and the short duration of the meeting would convince them that they would not have to commit a large chuck of their limited time unless they are truly intereste d in availing the services by Zeus Services. Alternative styles of creative advertising Creative advertising is not limited to a handout/ brochure or standout stall at an exhibition. Gifting a mug to all couples who attend the initial meeting regardless of their willingness to go ahead with the services being offered by Zeus Services is also an innovative and creative method (Blakeman 2014) of ensuring that both the company and its services remain on the minds of all the potential customer regardless of their initial response. A guestbook with signatures and social media ids like Facebook, Instagram, of all attendees is a great place to being the creative advertisement campaign (Castronovo and Lei 2012). This could include pictures of customized wedding cakes, venue decoration including lighting, interesting mementoes and invitation cards and so on. These would act as an inducement to all potential clients. A nine step social media advertising campaign would involve blogging, profiles on social media sites like LinkedIn, Instagram, and so on; tweets and face book groups ; as well as a Search engine Optimized website Justification of communication objectives and ethical issues There are no ethical issues involved in the advertising objectives or the communication process. The communications objectives are designed to hold the attention of all potential customers even after the promotional activities are complete. While Zeus Services shall not bombard them with information, teaser would be provided as part of the social media marketing strategy (Castronovo and Lei 2012) to ensure that their interest in the services continues and they at least contemplate the hiring of Zeus services to cater to their wedding requirements Media plan The primary consideration of the media plan is to convey a picture of efficiency while remaining warm and courteous. Hence communication needs to be short, precise and warm. Sudden disruptions and abrupt dialogue would harm the reputation of the company. Planning is an essential part of all marketing communication. Creating a communications planning worksheet with all details like objectives and message clearly mentioned is the first step top effective communication. The words should convey both warmth and a positive image, while being precise and not beating around the bush. Redundancy and repetitions must be avoided at all costs. Selecting the media vehicle for implementing the media plan is an equally important step for effective communication. Selection of Media vehicle(s) and justifications As the target audience is the middle class, the demographics would veer towards the age group between 30 to 45 years. These individuals tend to be technology savvy and hence social media is an effective tool to attract their attention. Yet another innovative strategy would be booking an advertising space at the local theatre specifically for a movie that caters to this target crowd. A banner at a popular up-market eatery is yet another means of gaining the attention of the target audience. Zeus Services feels that while all the strategies mentioned above would be effective, the social media campaign would be the most effective. Hence the maximum focus would be concentrated on creating a social media presence and influencing potential clients to meet up personally for discussions before availing the services being offered by Zeus Services. Social media is all about building relationships rather than direct selling. An understanding of this element of social media marketing is important before embarking in this direction. Results from a social media campaign would not be quantifiable or out in the open. However, the relationships and brand image build through the process would last a lifetime and be the stepping stones to help the company grow by leaps and bounds (Reid, Luxton and Mavondo 2005). Zeus Services aims to use social media to improve its brand presence, build a brand image, generate an awareness of and an interest in its services, increase the positive sentiment associated with its services, and develop relationships for opportunities in the future. Important tools like listing out current situation, conducting PEST and a SWOT analysis along with a clear listing of organizational and communication objectives is essential developing an effective communications strategy that would help Zeus Services to grow exponentially. Identification of internal and external stakeholders would help streamline the advertising strategy effectively (Shultz, 1992). The message communicated across all platform must be uniform and in keeping with the brand image of the company. The idea that Zeus Services is trustworthy and reliable needs to be communicated to all potential clients on an ongoing basis through the advertisement campaign. Then alone would they be willing to trust the company with such a critical service. Employing a PR would an effective and positive step in this direction. Evaluation of IMC plan effectiveness The effectiveness of media plans need to be evaluated and measured in order to determine whether it is effective or needs to be changed in any manner (Castronovo and Lei 2012). While the media plan would vary across various industries and verticals, it is essential that the media plan be in tandem with the organizational capabilities, objectives goals and vision (Hartley and Pickton 2010). Any deviation from this would lead to heavy losses for the company. The effectiveness of the media plan would be seen in the reach achieved. In other words, the number of potential clients who have been reached through the various communication initiatives would determine the effectiveness of the media plan (Peltier, Schibrowsky and Schultz 2003). The efforts on Instagram drew a considerable response and Zeus Services was able to host a small meet for 75 potential clients during the second week of the campaign. This response assures the management that the campaign and communication has been reasonably effective (Castronovo and Lei 2012). The client meet lead to more than five times the number of references as well as opening meeting with 7 clients scheduled for the next week. Based on the results to date, the management of Zeus Services is of the opinion that the media plan has been efficient in meeting the short term goals of the company (Berthon, Pitt and Watson 2014). Conclusion A start-up in the pioneering space of wedding planning and event management catering exclusively for middle class families, the media plan by Zeus Services was found to be effective and helped the company gain a foothold in the minds of potential clients. Since the company is operating in virgin territory without any precedents, it is hoped that the creative initiatives being used by them would help build up a considerable presence as well as raise awareness (Mulhern 2009) about the services being offered to all potential customers in the areas of operations. References Berthon, P, L F Pitt, and R T Watson. "Re-Surfing the Web: Research Perspectives on Marketing Communication and Buyer Behaviour on the W3." Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Springer, 2014. 182-182. Blakeman, R. Integrated Marketing Communication: Creative Strategy from Idea to Implementation. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 2014. Castronovo, C, and H Lei. "Social Media in an Alternative Marketing Communication Model." Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness, 2012: 117-134. Chen, Y, and J Xie. "Online Consumer Review: Word-of-Mouth as a New Element of Marketing Communication Mix." Management Science, 53(3): PP 477-491. Hartley, B, and D Pickton. "Integrated marketing communications requires a new way of thinking." Journal of Marketing Communications, 2010: 97-106. Mulhern, F. "Integrated marketing communications: From media channels to digital connectivity." Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(2-3): pp 85-101. Peltier, J W, J A Schibrowsky, and D E Schultz. "Interactive integrated marketing communication: combining the power of IMC, the new media and database marketing." International Journal of Advertising, 22 (1) : 93-115. Petersen, A J, T Kushwaha, and V Kumar. "Marketing Communication Strategies and Consumer Financial Decision Making: The Role of National Culture." Journal of Marketing, 79(1) : pp 44-63. Pickton, D, and A Broderick. Integrated Marketing Communications. Harlow, UK: Pretience-Hall, 2005. Reid, M, S Luxton, and F Mavondo. "The relationship between integrated marketing communication, market orientation, and brand orientatioN." Journal of Advertising, 34(4): pp 11-23. Schultz. D E, Integrated Marketing Comunications, Journal of Promotion Management, 1(1), pp99-104.

Inflation and Interest Rates Inflation Risk

Question: Describe about the Inflation and Interest Rates for Inflation Risk. Answer: Introduction The paper illustrates the effect of interest rates on inflation briefly explaining what inflation is in terms of an individual and country perspective. Moreover, it provides the explanation of what the interest rates cause the exchange rates to move up or down and its implication to the entire economy. On an individual view the paper shows why the person makes the decision to spend more or save less while at the same time showing why they will likely save more and spend less. The reasons for time lag due to interest changes causing certain outcome such as the fixed loan and starting activities have also been explained thus giving a clear direction and cause of these cases. Then there is the importance of time lag in terms of financial strategy and decisions made towards the betterment of an individual and the general economy (Billi, n.d.). The recommendations for the ideal situations are also briefly highlighted towards bringing stability to the interest rates on the inflation on the long term scenario. Inflation and Interest Rates Inflation is referred to as an economy with cash that is more usable or spendable than it requires purchasing all of the merchandise and services accessible, prompting an expansive general increment in costs in prices. Some mix of two things can bring about inflation: 1) an expansion (or inadequate decline) in cash supply; 2) a diminishing (or deficient increment) in the amount and/or nature of products and services. Negative inflation is referred to as deflation. Therefore, -2% inflation is equitable to a deflation of 2% (Tessaromatis, n.d.). Exchange Rates and Inflation A currency that is weak results to a rise in inflation, if the economy is dependent on imports. For India's situation, gold and oil import bills go up regularly causing inflation to rise. On the other hand, a strong currency will cause the opposite however, for exports, it is bad. Therefore, the effect truly relies on upon the exchange blend. Additionally, expansion in the economy implies residential products are less aggressive. This prompts a drop in demand for the household products and the currency, resulting to poor domestic currency. This ought to make it focused again to send out, however push the import bill higher, bringing about additional inflation. The converse is valid also (Yilmazkuday, 2013). Inflation and Interest Rates - When Inflation rises, tightening of the monetary policy occurs - meaning that interest rates go up. This rise causes a liquidity press in the business sectors. Individuals have less cash to spend and contribute, demand drops; supply is gradual to modify subsequently causing inflation to go down. The reverse is also true. Thus leading to the conclusion that inflation is also a monetary issue. Inflation happens when there is an expansion in the proportion between the supply of spendable cash taking into account the factor of velocity and the supply of merchandise and services. Like any proportional ratio, you can make it greater by expanding the numerator or by diminishing the denominator. Therefore, you can get inflation by expanding the cash supply or by decreasing the supply of merchandise and services (Malliaropulos, n.d.). Then again both. Inflation is an ascent in the general value level of merchandise and services. After some time, the nominal expense of products and services goes up, and the power of purchasing (the amount you can purchase per dollar) drops. For example, most persons hears of how their granddad could go to the films for ten pennies some time ago (5-penny silver screen was a Nickelodeon), or how their granddad's first occupation as a mechanical engineer paid him 50 pennies 60 minutes. On the off chance that the cost of a piece of bread is $1, you can purchase one chunk of bread for every dollar. On the off chance that the cost of a chunk of bread expands 25%, to $1.25, you can now just purchase $1.00/$1.25 per piece of bread, or 0.8 rolls of bread. You have lost buying power. At typical levels of inflation, which is most likely 2 or 3 percent for each year, it does not have a lot of an impact on the economy. Your wages are likewise costs, recollect, and the value you charge a firm for your work, so y ou would see a 2% raise. On the off chance that everything has to be 2% more costly, yet you had a 2% raise, you would not see a distinction in how much your cash could purchase (Khan and Thomas, n.d.). Concerning zero or negative loan costs: The financing cost a bank charges or pays its contributors is known as the ostensible loan fee. We get the genuine financing cost by subtracting swelling from the ostensible loan cost. Ostensible or nominal interest rate=Real loan cost + expansion rate You can have a negative genuine loan cost if expansion is more noteworthy than the ostensible financing cost. This is awesome for the account holder, he owes less. On the off chance that the ostensible financing cost was 5%, however there was 15% expansion, the borrower would owe half less more than 7 years, as his obligation weight would recoil by 10% a year. You cannot have a negative ostensible financing cost, nonetheless. Ostensible loan costs can just go to zero. So if there was flattening (negative expansion), the account holder would owe increasingly, and would not have any desire to acquire. Japan likewise has encountered collapse subsequent to the 1990s, and hindered development. Issue is, if the administration as of now has set financing costs to zero, it cannot bring down loan fees to empower monetary movement. A few business analysts call that the liquidity traps (Demary and Hther, 2015). The arrangements proposed incorporate whimsical money related approach, for example, quantitative facilitating (purchasing back securities, to put more trade out the economy) or charging banks expenses for the money they have close by. What is best for the economy is not swelling or collapse, yet rather balance, or value steadiness. Unassuming expansion of 1 or 2% a year appears to be ideal for the economy. Financial experts prescribe this as the "oil" that oils the economy. In financial matters, we frequently see a deferral between a monetary activity and a result. This is known as a period slack. An effect of time slacks is that the impact of approach might be harder to evaluate in light of the fact that it requires a time of investment to really happen (Billi, n.d.). Case of Time Lag Interest rate Changes. On the off chance that we cut financing costs, we would expect an ascent in speculation and buyer spending. This is because lower loan fees make it less expensive to get furthermore make it less appealing to spare. Lower loan costs ought to prompt higher total interest (Andersen, n.d.). In any case, there might be time slacks for various reasons. Fixed loan costs for acquiring and sparing. Shoppers may have a settled rate contract. This implies interest installments are altered for say 2 years. In this manner, it might be over a year prior to property holders really need to confront a higher loan cost (A predator-prey model with a time lag in the migration, 2014). Starting activities. On the off chance that a firm has begun a venture, they are unrealistic to stop in the center due to an expansion in loan fees. Once began they will keep on investing whatever happens to loan costs. Nevertheless, after some time, the higher financing costs may forestall future speculation ventures requiring some serious energy (Fortunato, 2014). Knowledge. Buyers do not have impeccable learning. They may not check financing costs each month, but rather just get to be mindful after a specific time. People may hold up to check whether the loan cost change is provisional or lasting. Commercial banks may defer going on the base rate cut onto customers. Significance of Time Lags Time slacks can settle on strategy choices. It is the evaluated financing cost changes taken up to year and a half to have the full impact. This implies money related strategy needs to attempt and anticipate the condition of the economy for up to year and a half ahead. In this way, time slacks have a tendency to lessen the adequacy of financial and monetary arrangement, particularly to try to 'adjust' the economy (Hordahl and Tristani, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, inflation affects the interest rates both positively and negatively as illustrated in the paper. Time lags occurs for various reasons starting from the commercial bank deferring the base rate to fixed costs on loans that directly or indirectly affect the spending and borrowing of an individual to the latter holding of saving to check if the loan cost will change.(A predator-prey model with a time lag in the migration, 2014). The paper depict a clear view of the inflation causes and the effect of increase and decrease of interest rates on it. The individual spending increases with with the drop interest rates since they are able to borrow more and vice versa. On the same the saving is also affected since it will increase with high interest rates with the speculation of getting more from the high interest rates in the future. In conclusion time lag cause the flow of currency in an economy to slow due to the speculation surrounding it thus the causes of either negative or positive shift of the interest rates. References A predator-prey model with a time lag in the migration. (2014). ams. Andersen, A. (n.d.). Inflation Risk Premia in the Term Structure of Interest Rates: Evidence from Euro Area Inflation Swaps. SSRN Electronic Journal. Billi, R. (n.d.). The Optimal Inflation Buffer with a Zero Bound on Nominal Interest Rates. SSRN Electronic Journal. Demary, M. and Hther, M. (2015). When Low Interest Rates Cause Low Inflation. Intereconomics, 50(6), pp.350-355. Fortunato, S. (2014). Prizes: Growing time lag threatens Nobels. Nature, 508(7495), pp.186-186. Haubrich, J., Ritchken, P. and Pennacchi, G. (n.d.). Estimating Real and Nominal Term Structures Using Treasury Yields, Inflation, Inflation Forecasts, and Inflation Swap Rates. SSRN Electronic Journal. Hordahl, P. and Tristani, O. (2007). Inflation risk premia in the term structure of interest rates. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept. Khan, A. and Thomas, J. (n.d.). Inflation and Interest Rates With Endogenous Market Segmentation. SSRN Electronic Journal. Koskela, E. and Viren, M. (n.d.). Household Saving, Interest Rates, Inflation and Taxation: Some Cross-Country Evidence. SSRN Electronic Journal. Malliaropulos, D. (n.d.). Long-term Interest Rates and Inflation. SSRN Electronic Journal. Tessaromatis, N. (n.d.). Stock Market Sensitivity to Interest Rates and Inflation. SSRN Electronic Journal. Yilmazkuday, H. (2013). Inflation targeting, flexible exchange rates and inflation convergence. Applied Economics, 45(5), pp.593-603.